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The ICC Coalition led the efforts of civil society that successfully campaigned for the adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998, which resulted in the creation of the ICC four years later. In the 1990s, a group of 25 civil society organizations from around the world found the Coalition for the International Criminal Court in response to grave human rights violations in impunity-fuelled conflicts in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The World Federalist Movement is chosen as the host organization and appointed as Coalition Convener by its director, William R. Pace. They are starting to advocate for a permanent international criminal court to arrest and charge anyone for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide anywhere. The Coalition grows to 450 organizations by 1997 and the movement to end impunity is building momentum.
Global civil society gathers in Rome over a sweltering week in July 1998, having successfully urged governments to hold a diplomatic conference to establish an international criminal court. The Coalition brings the largest delegation, with nearly 500 participants. To the worldwide acclaim, an overwhelming majority of 120 countries adopt the historic Rome Statute. The Coalition is credited with ensuring the independence of the Court and its prosecutor, the strong rights of victims and the inclusion of gender crimes. This is a Court they said never would happen.
After Senegal became the first State to ratify the ICC treaty in February 1999, in May 1999 the Coalition launched a campaign from The Hague calling for the ICC Rome Statute to be ratified worldwide. Nominated to the Nobel Peace Prize is the Coalition. In subsequent years, three more nominations follow.
In 2000, Despite expert predictions that 60 ratifications would take decades to complete, the success of the Coalition's global ratification campaign indicates that it could be achieved by 2002. The Alliance starts ICTY and ICTR work into "lessons learned." NGO members in the United States are conducting an extensive campaign on 31 December for the signature of the ICC treaty by President Clinton. On its last signing day, the United States signs the Rome Statute, along with Iran and Israel, raising the total number to 139 signatories (overtaking the ICC campaign target of 120 signatures, matching the votes in favor of the Rome Statute).
In 2002,,The Never Again court arrives, The Rome Statute comes into force with 60 ratifications in July 2002, decades earlier than foretold thanks to the efforts of global civil society. The ICC maintains its headquarters in a temporary location in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Coalition currently includes more than 1,000 civil society organizations and is working to achieve 100 ratifications by 2004. Coalition members attend a UN historic ceremony where ten countries deposit their instruments of ratification simultaneously, triggering the ICC Statute's entry into force. The event is the product of strong cooperation between Coalition and United Nations. The Coalition hosts a reception on 1 July 2002 to mark the entry into force of the Rome Statute, to which UN Secretary General Kofi Annan is attending.
There are a couple of criticisms ICC has faced. More so, in May 2002, the United States of America officially waived its legal obligations to the International Criminal Court just after it signed the statute in April 2002. Many other countries have raised concerns about the practical operation of the ICC and its efficacy.
The Statute of Rome comprises 128 Articles, covering both substantive and procedural rules for criminal resolution. The Statute is an international criminal law instrument. This instrument of criminal law is additionally supplemented by Elements of Crime[i], Rules of Procedure & Evidence [ii] and Codification. These are the important requirement of the principle of legality and the values of fair trial in order to guard the accused from procedural harassmen[iii].
Genocide-Persons attempting to kill a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group in whole or in part
War crimes- Violation of The Geneva Convention. This convention provides for prohibitions on torture and civilian attacks.
Crimes against humanity-Gross violations of large-scale attacks on civilian populations. It also includes murder, rape, and imprisonment for torture, serfdom and slavery.
Crimes of aggression-A State's threat of armed force against another state. It also includes acts of State breaching the UN Charter.
The ICC has mainly 4 organs-
The Presidency is composed of 3 judges (1 President and 2 Vice-Presidents) elected by an absolute majority of the Court's 18 judges.
Function-Court administration except for the Public Prosecutor's Office. It also makes sure sentences are enforced.
The Court has three pre-trial, trial, and appeals judicial divisions composed of seven, six, and five judges respectively. Such chambers are reserved to the 18 judges, the President, and the Vice-President. This is an autonomous Court body.
It regulates, gathers, and analyzes information on international crime situations under ICC jurisdiction. Ultimately it carries out research on these cases. It consists of 3 divisions are as follow The Investigation division- conducts investigation, The Prosecution division, The jurisdiction, and Complementarily and cooperation division.
Main role- the court assists in holding fair and impartial public trials. It provides support to ICC for administration and operation.
The ICC is pretty efficient and in most national jurisdictions, the procedures are coherent. More significantly, it plays a great role in governing the framework of International Criminal Justice, although some critiques remain.
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