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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACT, 2002
(18 of 2003)
February 5, 2003
An Act to provide for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of Us components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto Whereas India is rich in biological diversity and associated traditional and contemporary knowledge system relating thereto; And whereas India is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity signed at Rio de Janeiro on the 5th day of June, 1992; And whereas the said convention came into force on the 29th December, 1993; And whereas the said Convention reaffirms the sovereign rights of the States over their biological resources; And whereas the said Convention has the main objective of conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of utilisation of genetic resources; And whereas it is considered necessary to provide for conservation, sustainable utilisation and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of utilisation of genetic resources and also to give effect to the said Convention. Be it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:-
CHAPTER 01: PRELIMINARY
SECTION 01: SHORT TITLE, EXTENT AND COMMENCEMENT
(1) This Act may be called the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
(2) It extends to the whole of India.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming into force of that provision.
SECTION 02: DEFINITIONS
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "benefit claimers" means the conservers of biological resources, their by-products, creators and holders of knowledge and information relating to the use of such biological resources, innovations and practices associated with such use and application;
(b) "biological diversity" means the variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of which they are part and includes diversity within species or between species and of ecosystems;
(c) "biological resources" means plants, animals and micro organisms or parts thereof, their genetic material and by-products (excluding value added products) with actual or potential use or value, but does not include human genetic material;
(d) "bio-survey and bio-utilisation" means survey or collection of species, sub-species, genes, components and extracts of biological resource for any purpose and includes characterisation, inventorisation and bioassay;
(e) "Chairperson" means the Chairperson of the National Biodiversity Authority or, as the case may be, of the State Biodiversity Board;
(f) "commercial utilization" means end uses of biological resources for commercial utilization such as drugs, industrial enzymes, food flavours, fragrance, cosmetics, emulsifiers, oleoresins, colours, extracts and genes used for improving crops and livestock through genetic intervention, but does not include conventional breeding or traditional practices in use in any agriculture, horticulture, poultry, dairy farming animal husbandry or bee keeping;
(g) "fair and equitable benefit sharing" means sharing of benefits as determined by the National Biodiversity Authority under Sec. 21;
(h) "local bodies" means Panchayats and Municipalities, by whatever name called, within the meaning of clause (1) of Art. 243-B and clause (1) of Art. 243-Q of the Constitution and in the absence of any Panchayats or Municipalities, institutions of self-Government constituted under any other provision of the Constitution or any Central Act or State Act;
(i) "member" means a member of the National Biodiversity Authority or a State Biodiversity Board and includes the Chairperson;
(j) "National Biodiversity Authority" means the National Biodiversity Authority established under Sec. 8;
(k) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(l) "regulations" means regulations made under this Act;
(m) "research" means study or systematic investigation of any biological resource or technological application, that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for any use;
(n) "State Biodiversity Board" means the State Biodiversity Board established under Sec. 22;
(o) "sustainable use" means the use of components of biological diversity in such manner and at such rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of the biological diversity thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations;
(p) "value added products" means products which may contain portions or extracts of plants and animals in unrecognizable and physically inseparable form.
CHAPTER 02: REGULATION OF ACCESS TO BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
SECTION 03: CERTAIN PERSONS NOT TO UNDERTAKE BIODIVERSITY RELATED ACTIVITIES WITHOUT APPROVAL OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) No person referred to in sub-sec. (2) shall without previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilisation or for bio-survey and bio-utilisation.
(2) The persons who shall be required to take the approval of the National Biodiversity Authority under sub-sec. (1) are the following, namely:-
(a) a person who is not a citizen of India;
(b) a citizen of India, who is a non-resident as defined in clause (30) ofSec. 2 of the Income Tax Act, 1961(43 of 1961);
(c) a body corporate, association or organisation-
(i) not incorporated or registered in India; or
(ii) incorporated or registered in India under any law for the time being in force which has any non-Indian participation in its share capital or management.
SECTION 04: RESULTS OF RESEARCH NOT TO BE TRANSFERRED TO CERTAIN PERSONS WITHOUT APPROVAL OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
No person shall, without the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, transfer the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India for monetary consideration or otherwise to any person who is not a citizen of India or citizen of India who is non-resident as defined in clause (30) ofSec. 2 of the Income Tax Act, 1961(43 of 1961) or a body corporate or organisation which is not registered or incorporated in India or which has any non-Indian participation in its share capital or management.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, "transfer" does not include publication of research papers or dissemination of knowledge in any seminar or workshop, if Such publication is as per the guidelines issued by the Central Government.
SECTION 05: SECTIONS 3 AND 4 NOT TO APPLY TO CERTAIN COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS
(1) The provisions of Sec. 3and4shall not apply to collaborative research projects involving transfer or exchange of biological resources or information relating thereto between institutions, including Government sponsored institutions of India, and such institutions in other countries, if such collaborative research projects satisfy the conditions specified in sub-sec. (3).
(2) All collaborative research projects, other than those referred to in sub-sec. (1) which are based on agreements concluded before the commencement of this Act and in force shall, to the extent the provisions of agreement are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act or any guidelines issued under clause (a) of sub-sec. (3), be void.
(3) For the purposes of sub-sec. (1), collaborative research projects shall-
(a) conform to the policy guidelines issued by the Central Government in this behalf;
(b) be approved by the Central Government.
SECTION 06: APPLICATION FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS NOT TO BE MADE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) No person shall apply for any intellectual property right, by whatever name called, in or outside India for any invention based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India without obtaining the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority before making such application :
Provided that if a person applies for a patent, permission of the National Biodiversity Authority may be obtained after the acceptance of the patent but before the sealing of the patent by the patent authority concerned :
Provided further that the National Biodiversity Authority shall dispose of the application for permission made to it within a period of ninety days from the date of receipt thereof.
(2) The National Biodiversity Authority may, while granting the approval under this section, impose benefit sharing fee or royalty or both or impose conditions including the sharing of financial benefits arising out of the commercial utilisation of such rights.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not apply to any person making an application for any right under any law relating to protection of plant varieties enacted by Parliament.
(4) Where any right it granted under law referred to in sub-sec. (3), the concerned authority granting such right shall endorse a copy of such document granting the right to the National Biodiversity Authority.
SECTION 07: PRIOR INTIMATION TO STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARD FOR OBTAINING BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES
No person, who is a citizen of India or a body corporate, association or organisation which is registered in India, shall obtain any biological resource for commercial utilisation, or bio-survey and bio-utilisation for commercial utilisation except after giving prior intimation to the State Biodiversity Board concerned :
Provided that the provisions of this section shall not apply to the local people and communities of the area, including growers and cultivators of biodiversity, and vaids and hakims, who have been practising indigenous medicine.
CHAPTER 03: NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
SECTION 08: ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) With effect from such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, there shall be established by the Central Government for the purposes of this Act, a body to be called the National Biodiversity Authority.
(2) The National Biodiversity Authority shall be a body corporate by the name aforesaid, having perpetual succession and a common seal, with power to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both movable and immovable, and to contract, and shall by the said name sue and be sued.
(3) The head office of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be at Chennai and the National Biodiversity Authority may, with the previous approval of the Central Government, establish offices at other places in India.
(4) The National Biodiversity Authority shall consist of the following members, namely:-
(a) a Chairperson, who shall be an eminent person having adequate knowledge and experience in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and in matters relating to equitable sharing of benefits, to be appointed by the Central Government.
(b) three ex officio members to be appointed by the Central Government, one representing the Ministry dealing with Tribal Affairs and two representing the Ministry dealing with Environment and Forests of whom one shall be the Additional Director General of Forests or the Director General of Forests;
(c) seven ex officio members to be appointed by the Central Government to represent respectively the Ministries of the Central Government dealing with-
(i) Agricultural Research and Education;
(ii) Biotechnology;
(iii) Ocean Development;
(iv) Agriculture and Cooperation;
(v) Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy;
(vi) Science and Technology;
(vii) Scientific and Industrial Research;
(d) five non-official members to be appointed from amongst specialists and scientists having special knowledge of, or experience in, matters relating to conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, representatives of industry, conservers, creators and knowledge-holders of biological resources.
SECTION 09: CONDITIONS OF SERVICE OF CHAIRPERSON AND MEMBERS
The term of office and conditions of service of the Chairperson and the other members other than ex officio members of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be such as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
SECTION 10: CHAIRPERSON TO BE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
The Chairperson shall be the Chief Executive of the National Biodiversity Authority and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties, as may be prescribed.
SECTION 11: REMOVAL OF MEMBERS
The Central Government may remove from the National Biodiversity Authority any member who, in its opinion, has-
(a) been adjudged as an insolvent; or
(b) been convicted of an offence which involves moral turpitude; or
(c) become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a member; or
(d) so abused his position as to render his continuance in office detrimental to the public interest; or
(e) acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as a member.
SECTION 12: MEETINGS OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) The National Biodiversity Authority shall meet at such time and place and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings (including the quorum at its meetings) as may be prescribed.
(2) The Chairperson of the National Biodiversity Authority shall preside at the meetings of the National Biodiversity Authority
(3) If for any reason the Chairperson is unable to attend any meeting of the National Biodiversity Authority, any member of the National Biodiversity Authority chosen by the members present at the meeting shall preside at the meeting.
(4) All questions which comes before any meeting of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be decided by a majority of votes of the members present and voting and in the event of equality of votes, the Chairperson or, in his absence, the person presiding, shall have and exercise a second or casting vote.
(5) Every member who is in any way, whether directly, indirectly or personally, concerned or interested in a matter to be decided at the meeting shall disclose the nature of his concern or interest and after such disclosure, the member concerned or interested shall not attend that meeting.
(6) No act or proceeding of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be invalidated merely by reason of-
(a) any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of, the National Biodiversity Authority; or
(b) any defect in the appointment of a person acting as a member; or
(c) any irregularity in the procedure of the National Biodiversity Authority not affecting the merits of the case.
SECTION 13: COMMITTEES OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) The National Biodiversity Authority may constitute a committee to deal with agro-biodiversity.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this sub-section, "agro-biodiversity " means biological diversity of agriculture related species and their wild relatives.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-sec. (1), the National Biodiversity Authority may constitute such number of committees as it deems fit for the efficient discharge of its duties and performance of its functions under this Act.
(3) A committee constituted under this section shall co-opt such number of persons, who not the members of the National Biodiversity Authority, as it may think fit and the persons so co-opted shall have the right to attend the meetings of the committee and take part in its proceedings but shall not have the right to vote.
(4) The persons appointed as members of the committee under sub-sec. (2) shall be entitled to receive such allowances or fees for attending the meetings of the committee as may be fixed by the Central Government.
SECTION 14: OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) The National Biodiversity Authority may appoint such officers and other employees as it considers necessary for the efficient discharge of its functions under this Act.
(2) The terms and conditions of service of such officers and other employees of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be such as may be specified by regulations.
SECTION 15: AUTHENTICATION OF ORDERS AND DECISIONS OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
-All orders and decisions of the National biodiversity Authority shall be authenticated by the signature of the Chairperson or any other member authorised by the National Biodiversity Authority in this behalf and all other instruments executed by the National Biodiversity Authority shall be authenticated by the signature of an officer of the National Biodiversity Authority authorised by it in this behalf.
SECTION 16: DELEGATION OF POWERS
-The National Biodiversity Authority may, be general or special order in writing, delegate to any member, officer of the National Biodiversity Authority or any other person subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order, such of the powers and functions under this Act (except the power to prefer an appeal under Sec. 50and the power to make regulations under Sec. 64) as it may deem necessary.
SECTION 17: EXPENSES OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY TO BE DEFRAYED OUT OF THE CONSOLIDATED FUND OF INDIA
-The salaries and allowances payable to the members and the administrative expenses of the National Biodiversity Authority including salaries, allowances and pension payable to, or in respect of, the officers and other employees of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be defrayed out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
CHAPTER 04: FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
SECTION 18: FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) It shall be the duty of the National Biodiversity Authority to regulate activities referred to in Secs. 3, 4, and 6 and by regulations issue guidelines for access to biological resources and for fair and equitable benefit sharing.
(2) The National Biodiversity Authority may grant approval for undertaking any activity referred to in Secs. 3,4and6.
(3) The National Biodiversity Authority may-
(a) advise the Central Government on matters relating to the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of biological resources;
(b) advise the State Government in the selection of areas of biodiversity importance to be notified under sub-sec. (1) of Sec. 37as heritage sites and measures for the management of such heritage sites;
(c) perform such other functions as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.
(4) The National Biodiversity Authority may, on behalf of the Central Government, take any measures necessary to oppose the grant of intellectual property rights in any country outside India on any biological resource obtained from India or knowledge associated with such biological resource which is derived from India.
CHAPTER 05: APPROVAL BY THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
SECTION 19: APPROVAL BY NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY FOR UNDERTAKING CERTAIN ACTIVITIES
(1) Any person referred to in sub-sec. (2) of Sec. 3who intends to obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilisation or transfer the results of any research relating to biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India, shall make application in such form and payment of such fees as may be prescribed, to the National Biodiversity Authority.
(2) Any person who intends to apply for a patent or any other form of intellectual property protection whether in India or outside India referred to in sub-sec. (1) of Sec. 6, may make an application in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed to the National Biodiversity Authority.
(3) On receipt of an application under sub-sec. (1) or sub- sec. (2), the National Biodiversity Authority may, after making such enquiries as it may deem fit and if necessary after consulting an expert committee constituted for this purpose, by order, grant approval "subject to any regulations made in this behalf and subject to such terms and conditions as it may deem fit, including the imposition of charges by way of royalty or for reasons to be recorded in writing, reject the application :
Provided that no such order for rejection shall be made without giving an opportunity of being heard to the person affected.
(4) The National Biodiversity Authority shall give public notice of every approval granted by it under this section.
SECTION 20: TRANSFER OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE OR KNOWLEDGE
(1) No person who has been granted approval under Sec. 19shall transfer any biological resource or knowledge associated thereto which is the subject-matter of the said approval except with the permission of the National Biodiversity Authority.
(2) Any person who intends to transfer any biological resource or knowledge associated thereto referred to in sub-sec. (1) shall make an application in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed to the National Biodiversity Authority.
(3) On receipt of an application under sub-sec. (2), the National Biodiversity Authority may, after making such enquiries as it may deem fit and if necessary after consulting any expert committee constituted for this purpose, by order, grant approval subject to such term and conditions as it may deem fit, including the imposition of charges by way of royalty or for reasons to be recorded in writing, reject the application :
Provided that no such order for rejection shall be made without giving an opportunity of being heard to the person affected.
(4) The National Biodiversity Authority shall give public notice of every approval granted by it under this section.
SECTION 21: DETERMINATION OF EQUITABLE BENEFIT SHARING BY NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
(1) The National Biodiversity Authority shall while granting approvals under Sec. 19orSec. 20ensure that the terms and conditions subject to which approval is granted secures equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of accessed biological resources, their by-products, innovations and practices associated with their use and applications and knowledge relating thereto in accordance with mutually agreed terms and conditions between the person applying for such approval, local bodies concerned and the benefit claimers.
(2) The National Biodiversity Authority shall, subject to any regulations made in this behalf, determine the benefit sharing which shall be given effect in all or any of the following manner, namely :-
(a) grant of joint ownership of intellectual property rights to the National Biodiversity Authority, or where benefit claimers are identified, to such benefit claimers;
(b) transfer of technology;
(c) location of production, research and development units in
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