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  • Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settlement; A Third Agency Created By Courts Can’t Exercise Statutory Functions: SC

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Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settlement; A Third Agency Created By Courts Can’t Exercise Statutory Functions: SC

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  18 Sep 2018     Views:4265

It has to be said right at the outset that the directions issued by a two-Judges Bench in Rajesh Sharma and others v State of UP and another AIR 2017 SC 3869 to regulate the purported gross misuse of Section 498A IPC have been modified just recently on September 14, 2018 in a latest judgment titled Social Action Forum Manav for Manav Adhikar and another v Union of India Ministry of Law and Justice and others in Civil Original Jurisdiction in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 73 of 2015. It may be recalled that in Rajesh Sharma case, it was held explicitly that the Family Welfare Committees should be constituted at every districts by District Legal Services Authority. The complaints of domestic violence under Section 498A IPC were directed to be vetted by the Committee first. It was also held that the police can carry out investigation and arrest only on the basis of report by the Committee.

                             Be it noted, these directions which were issued by the Bench of Justice AK Goel and Justice UU Lalit in clause 19(i) of the Rajesh Sharma case were wholly struck down by the three Judges Bench of Chief Justice Dipak Misra, Justice AM Khanwilkar and Justice DY Chandrachud in this case. The Court held that Family Welfare Committee was an extra-judicial authority, which cannot exercise powers and functions of police and court. The Court expressed that the directions were contrary to the scheme of Code of Criminal Procedure, and held that they had the “potential to enter into the legislative field”. Hence, it was held that “the direction contained in paragraph 19(i) as a whole is not in accord with the statutory framework.”

                                            As it turned out, the Apex Court while overturning the decision of Rajesh Sharma’s case on constitution of Family Welfare Committees said that, “The core issue is whether the Court in Rajesh Sharma (supra) could, by the method of interpretation, have issued such directions. On a perusal of the directions, we find that the Court has directed constitution of the Family Welfare Committees by the District Legal Services Authorities and prescribed the duties of the Committees. The prescription of duties of the Committees and further action therefore, as we find, are beyond the Code and the same does not really flow from any provision of the Code.” It was added that there were enough statutory provisions and judgments in place to check abuse of the provision. It was also held that, “…there are statutory provisions and judgments in the field and, therefore, the directions pertaining to constitution of a  Committee and conferment of power on the said Committee is erroneous.”  

     Only HC Can Quash FIR/Complaint On Settlement

                                  It may also be recalled that another direction in the Rajesh Sharma case empowered District/Sessions Judge to quash FIR/Complaint on settlement between the parties. The District/Sessions Judge was also empowered to nominate any other senior judicial officer to pass orders of quashing. This direction in clause 19(iii) of Rajesh Sharma case read as follows:  

“In cases where a settlement is reached, it will be open to the District and Sessions Judge or any other senior Judicial Officer nominated by him in the district to dispose of the proceedings including  closing of the criminal case if dispute primarily relates to matrimonial discord.”

                          Truth be told, this did not find favour with the three-Judges Bench of Apex Court in this case which includes the CJI Dipak Misra. It was held that Section 498A IPC was a non-compoundable offence. Therefore, only High Courts had the power to quash the case on the basis of mutual settlement, as held in Gian Singh case. It was also held that, “The directions to settle a case after it is registered is not a correct expression of law. A criminal proceeding which is not compoundable can be quashed by the High Court under Section 482 CrPC. When settlement takes place, then both the parties can file a petition under Section 482 CrPC. When settlement takes place, then both the parties can file a petition under Section 482 CrPC and the High Court, considering the bonafide of the petition, may quash the same. The power rests with the High Court.”

               Other Directions Not Disturbed

                                     At the same time, it is significant to note that the other directions in Rajesh Sharma case were left undisturbed by the three Judges Bench in this case. The Court approved the direction mandated in Rajesh Sharma’s case that red corner notices and impounding of passports in cases of accused staying abroad should not be done in a routine manner. The Apex Court also agreed that recovery of disputed dowry items may not by itself be a ground while rejecting an application for grant of bail under Section 498-A IPC. Therefore, the directions in clauses 19(iv) and 19(v)  were endorsed. As regards direction in clause 19(vii) which held that personal appearance of the accused should not be insisted and that video conferencing should be resorted to, the Court held that appropriate application seeking exemption from personal appearance, either under Section 205 CrPC or Section 317 CrPC, depending upon the stage of case, should be filed.   

                     Police To Be Sensitised

                                    Simply put, the Apex Court noted in this case that the police has to act as per the provisions of Section 41 CrPC and also the judgments of the Supreme Court in Arnesh Kumar, Lalita Kumari, DK Basu and Joginder Kumar cases before making arrests for offences under Section 498A of IPC. In Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar and another (2014) 8 SCC 273, the Apex Court had held that arrest for offence under Section 498A IPC has to be made only in exceptional circumstances, that too after recording special reasons in writing in accordance with Section 41(1)(b) CrPC. In Lalita Kumari v Government of Uttar Pradesh and others (2014) 2 SCC 1, a Constitution Bench of Apex Court held that police has to carry out preliminary enquiry before registration of FIR in respect of matrimonial disputes.

                                            To be sure, in Joginder Kumar v State of UP and others (1994) 4 SCC 260, the Apex Court exhorted that police should not carry out arbitrary arrests. Also, in this case, the Apex Court held in para 26 that, “The directions issued by the Court are in the nature of statutory reminder of a constitutional court to the authorities for proper implementation and not to behave like emperors considering the notion that they can do what they please. In this context, we may refer with profit to a passage from Joginder Kumar v State of UP and others (1994) 4 SCC 260:

         “20. …No arrest can be made in a routine manner on a mere allegation of commission of an offence made against a person. It would be prudent for a police officer in the interest of protection of the constitutional rights of a citizen and perhaps in his own interest that no arrest should be made without a reasonable satisfaction reached after some investigation as to the genuineness and bona fides of a complaint and a reasonable belief both as to the person’s complicity and even so as to the need to effect arrest. Denying a person of his liberty is a serious matter. The recommendations of the Police Commission merely reflect the constitutional concomitants of the fundamental right to personal liberty and freedom. A person is not liable to arrest merely on the suspicion of complicity in an offence. There must be some reasonable justification in the opinion of the officer effecting the arrest that such arrest is necessary and justified. Except in heinous offences, an arrest must be avoided if a police officer issues notice to person to attend the Station House and not to leave the Station without permission would do.” In DK Basu v State of W.B. (1997) 1 SCC 416, the Apex Court laid down procedural guidelines and safeguards to be followed by police while arresting.    

                                    Having said this, it must also be pointed here that in this case, the Apex Court also held that, “We think it appropriate to direct that the investigating officers be careful and be guided by the principles stated in Joginder Kumar (supra), D.K. Basu (supra), Lalita Kumari (supra) and Arnesh Kumar (supra). It will also be appropriate to direct the Director General of Police of each State to ensure that investigating officers who are in charge of investigation of cases of offences under Section 498-A IPC should be imparted rigorous training with regard to the principles stated by this Court relating to arrest.”

                                Genesis Of The Case

                                     In essence, this judgment of the three-Judges Bench of Apex Court came in a writ petition filed in 2015 by an NGO, Social Action for Manav Adhikar consisting of women lawyers from Ahmednagar in Maharashtra, seeking to create a uniform system of monitoring and reviewing incidents of violence against women under Section 498-A IPC and rehabilitation of the victims and their children at the Central, State and District levels. That apart, it also sought for directions to immediately register FIR on complaint of cruelty and harassment by married women as per the IPC.

                                     During the pendency of the petition, the directions in Rajesh Sharma came to be passed on July 27, 2017. After that, another PIL was filed in Supreme Court seeking a direction that two out of three members of the Family Welfare Committees directed to be constituted as per Rajesh Sharma’s decision should be women. When the PIL was mentioned before the Bench of Chief Justice on October 13, 2017, the Bench expressed prima facie disapproval of Rajesh Sharma directions.

                             Truly speaking, the Bench then observed: “At this stage, we are obligated to state that we are not in agreement with the decision rendered in Rajesh Sharma (supra) because we are disposed to think that it really curtails the rights of the women who are harassed under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code. That apart, prima facie, we perceive that the guidelines may be in the legislative sphere.” The Court then appointed Indu Malhotra who was then a senior advocate and now Supreme Court Judge as also V Shekhar also a senior advocate as amicus curiae to assist the matter and they then proceeded to re-consider the directions. Both the amicus opined that the Court went overboard by issuing directions in Rajesh Sharma’s case. This also convinced the Apex Court to overturn the earlier decision in Rajesh Sharma’s case 13 months ago to some extent.

                                                But it cannot be lost on us that some directions in Rajesh Sharma’s case were not disturbed. In para 35, it was held that, “We do not find anything erroneous in direction Nos. 19(iv) and (v). So far as direction No. 19(vi) and (vii) are concerned, an application has to be filed either under Section 205 CrPC or Section 317 CrPC depending upon the stage at which the exemption is sought.”

                                        Going forward, in para 38 of this judgment, the Bench directed that, “In the aforesaid analysis, while declaring the directions pertaining to Family Welfare Committee and its constitution by the District Legal Services Authority and the power conferred on the Committee is impermissible. Therefore, we think it appropriate to direct that the investigating officers be careful and be guided by the principles stated in Joginder Kumar (supra), DK Basu (supra), Lalita Kumari (supra) and Arnesh Kumari (supra). It will also be appropriate to direct the Director General of Police of each State to ensure that investigating officers who are in charge of investigation of cases of offences under Section 498-A IPC should be imparted rigorous training with regard to the principles stated by this Court relating to arrest.”

                                           All said and done, this judgment also conceded that dowry laws are misused. But it refused to lay down guidelines for police on lodging FIR in such cases. It cannot be lightly dismissed that 122596 cases lodged on husband and relatives of husband, 7621 cases lodged on dowry death and 44123 cases on dowry death pending. It is rightly observed in para 22 of this judgment that, “The said offence is a cognizable and non-bailable offence. This Court in Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar and another (2014) 8 SCC 273 has observed that the said offence which is a cognizable and non-bailable offence has lent it a dubious place of pride amongst the provisions that are used as weapons rather than shield by disgruntled wives. The simplest way to harass is to get the husband and his relatives arrested under this provision. The Court has taken note of the statistics under “Crime in India 2012 Statistics” published by the National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs which shows arrest of 1,97,762 persons all over India during the year 2012 for the offence under Section 498-A. Showing concern, the Court held that arrest brings humiliation, curtails freedom and casts scars forever and the police had not learnt its lesson which is implicit and embodied in the Criminal Procedure Code. Commenting on the police, the Court said:-

‘It has not come out of its colonial image despiter six decades of independence, it is largely considered as a tool of harassment, oppression and surely not considered a friend of public. The need for caution in exercising the drastic power of arrest has been emphasised time and again by the courts but has not yielded desired result. Power to arrest greatly contributes to its arrogance so also the failure of the Magistracy to check it. Not only this, the power of arrest is one of the lucrative sources of police corruption. The attitude to arrest first and then proceed with the rest is despicable. It has become a handy tool to the police officers who lack sensitivity or act with oblique motive’.”

                                   There can be no denying or disputing that this judgment also conceded that just recovery of some dowry items cannot be a ground to reject bail! This judgment also has ended the obligation on woman to first take the case to Family Welfare Committee who would vet it first of all which was done in Rajesh Sharma’s case. No doubt, this judgment has brought a smile on the faces of women who earlier felt aggrieved and they have valid reasons also for it! No doubt, Section 498-A has been grossly misused just like many other laws but that by itself cannot be a ground to repeal or dilute it considerably!


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  18 Sep 2018     Views:4265

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Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
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Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
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No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
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Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
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Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1587
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1572
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1520
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2243
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
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Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
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Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
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Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
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Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1871
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1784
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1570
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1643
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1752
History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1820
No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
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Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:2008
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1577
Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1857
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:1775
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1838
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1563
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1483
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
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03 Aug 2019     Views:1894
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2155
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1659
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1531
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1578
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5838
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31 Jul 2019     Views:2412
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1593
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1622
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1863
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1555
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Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1491
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1872
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:2028
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
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Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
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HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
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Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
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Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
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Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2839
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
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Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
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Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
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Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
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Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
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SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
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My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
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Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
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Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
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“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
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Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
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18 May 2019     Views:1463
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:3610
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
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Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
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Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
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Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
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Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
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Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
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Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
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Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
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Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
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Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
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No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2768
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2867
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2113
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
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Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
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Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
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4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
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Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
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26 Nov 2018     Views:2516
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
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Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
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23 Oct 2018     Views:3889
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
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Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
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People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
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Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
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Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2217
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
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Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2502
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Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
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UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
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Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
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SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
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Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3302
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3155
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2437
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
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SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
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Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
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Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
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23 Jul 2018     Views:2014
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
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Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
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Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
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Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
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Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
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Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
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Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
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29 Jun 2018     Views:2781
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
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Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
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Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:3209
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
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05 Jun 2018     Views:1906
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
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Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
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Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
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SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
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SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
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Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
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Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
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People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
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Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1865
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1643
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
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How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1727
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2229
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
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Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1660
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
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Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1660
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
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Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1656
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
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CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
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Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
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SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
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Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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