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  • No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

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No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  19 Sep 2019     Views:1687

Legal Article

No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

                                           At the outset, there can be no denying that it is a matter of greatest concern that none other than the Supreme Court which is the highest court in India has just recently in a latest, landmark and extremely laudable judgment titled Jose Paulo Coutinho vs. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira & Anr. in Civil Appeal No. 7378 of 2010 delivered on September 13, 2019 and authored by Justice Deepak Gupta  while speaking for the Bench for himself and Justice Aniruddha Bose has minced just no words to drive home the valid point that no attempt has been made yet to frame a Uniform Civil Code applicable to all citizens of the country despite exhortations by it. Where is any doubt in this? We all know it very well but yet we see that Centre and Parliament has taken just no action in last more than seven decades to do something concrete to address it!

                                First and foremost, the ball is set rolling in para 1 of this notable judgment wherein it is pointed out that, ““Whether succession to the property of a Goan situated outside Goa in India will be governed by the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867 as applicable in the State of Goa or the Indian Succession Act, 1925” is the question which arises for decision in this appeal.”

                                         While narrating the facts, it is then stated in para 2 that, “One Joaquim Mariano Pereira (JMP) had three daughters viz. (1) Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira (ML), Respondent No. 1 (2) Virginia Pereira and (3) Maria Augusta Antoneita Pereira Fernandes. He also had a wife named Claudina Lacerda Pereira. He lived in Bombay and purchased a property in Bombay in the year 1955. On 06.05.1957 he bequeathed this property at Bombay to his youngest daughter, Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira, Respondent No. 1. He bequeathed Rs. 3000/- each to his other two daughters. His wife expired on 31.10.1960 when he was still alive. JMP died on 02.08.1967. The probate of the Will dated 06.05.1957 was granted by the High Court of Bombay at Goa on 12.09.1980. Both the other daughters were served notice of the probate proceedings.”    

                                          Briefly stated, it is then brought out in para 3 that, “Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule on 19.12.1961. An ordinance being The Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Ordinance was promulgated on 05.03.1962 and thereafter the Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act, 1962 was enacted, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act of 1962’. Both the Ordinance as well as the Act of 1962 provided that the laws applicable in Goa prior to the appointed date i.e., 20.12.1961 would continue to be in force until amended or repealed by the competent legislature or authority. Section 5 of the Act of 1962 which is relevant for our purpose reads as follows:-

“5. Continuance of existing laws and their adaptation-

(1) All laws in force immediately before the appointed day in Goa, Daman and Diu or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority.

(2) For the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law in relation to the administration of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union territory and for the purpose of bringing the provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of the Constitution, the Central Government may within two years from the appointed day, by order, may (sic make) such adaptations and modifications, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary or expedient and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made.””

                                      More importantly, it is then pointed out in para 4 that, “It is not disputed before us that the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Civil Code’) as applicable in the State of Goa before its liberation in 1962 would apply. The Civil Code is in two parts – one part deals with all substantial civil laws including laws of succession and the other part deals with procedure. As far as the present case is concerned, they are governed by the Civil Code. The main dispute is that whereas the appellant, who is one of the legal heirs of the daughters of JMP, claims that even the property of JMP in Bombay is to be dealt with under the Civil Code, the case of the respondent i.e., the daughter who was bequeathed the property in Bombay is that as far as the immovable property situated outside Goa in any other part of India is concerned, it would be the Indian Succession Act, 1925 which would apply.”

                                                        Needless to say, it is then made amply clear in para 14 that, “The Civil Code may be a Code of Portuguese origin but after conquest and annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu, this Code became applicable to the domiciles of Goa only by virtue of the Ordinance and thereafter, by the Act. Therefore, the Civil Code has been enforced in Goa, Daman and Diu by an Act of the Indian Parliament and thus, becomes an Indian law. This issue is no longer res integra.”            

                                    What’s more, para 17 then further brings out that, “It is important to note that this Court held that in so far as the continuance of old laws is concerned, the new sovereign is not bound to follow the old laws. It is at liberty to adopt the old laws wholly or in part. It may totally reject the old laws and replace them with laws which apply in the other territories of the new sovereign. It is for the new sovereign to decide what action it would take with regard to the application of laws and from which date which law is to apply. As far as the present case is concerned, firstly the President by an Ordinance and later Parliament by an Act of Parliament decided that certain laws, as applicable to the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu prior to its conquest, which may be referred to as the erstwhile Portuguese laws, would continue in the territories. It was, however, made clear that these laws would continue only until amended or repealed by competent legislature or by other competent authority.”

                                 Furthermore, it is then also made clear in para 18 that, “We are clearly of the view that these laws would not have been applicable unless recognised by the Indian Government and the Portuguese Civil Code continued to apply in Goa only because of an Act of the Parliament of India. Therefore, the Portuguese law which may have had foreign origin became a part of the Indian laws, and in sum and substance, is an Indian law. It is no longer a foreign law. Goa is a territory of India; all domiciles of Goa are citizens of India; the Portuguese Civil Code is applicable only on account of the Ordinance and the Act referred to above. Therefore, it is crystal clear that the Code is an Indian law and no principles of private international law are applicable to this case. We answer question number one accordingly.”

                                      While making a strong pitch for uniform civil code and lamenting total inaction on this front, it is then envisaged in para 20 that, “It is interesting to note that whereas the founders of the Constitution in Article 44 in Part IV dealing with the Directive Principles of State Policy had hoped and expected that the State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territories of India, till date no action has been taken in this regard. Though Hindu laws were codified in the year 1956, there has been no attempt to frame a Uniform Civil Code applicable to all citizens of the country despite exhortations of this Court in the case of Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs. Shah Bano (1985) 2 SCC 556 and Sarla Mudgal & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. (1995) 3 SCC 635.”

                                      It would be worthwhile to recall that in Shah Bano case of 1985, the Apex Court pulled back no punches to hold clearly and categorically that, “It is also a matter of regret that Article 44 of our Constitution has remained a dead letter. It provides that “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”. There is no evidence of any official activity for framing a common civil code for the country. A belief seems to have gained ground that it is for the Muslim community to take a lead in the matter of reforms of their personal law. A common Civil Code will help the cause of national integration by removing disparate loyalties to laws which have conflicting ideologies. No community is likely to bell the cat by making gratuitous concessions on this issue. It is the State which is charged with the duty of securing a uniform civil code for the citizens of the country and unquestionably, it has the legislative competence to do so. A counsel in the case whispered, somewhat audibly, that legislative competence is one thing, the political courage to use that competence is quite another. We understand the difficulties involved in bringing persons of different faiths and persuasions on a common platform. But, a beginning has to be made if the Constitution is to have any meaning. Inevitably, the role of the reformer has to be assumed by the courts because, it is beyond the endurance of sensitive minds to allow injustice to be suffered when it is so palpable. But piecemeal attempts of courts to bridge the gap between personal Laws cannot take the place of a common Civil Code. Justice to all is a far more satisfactory way of dispensing justice than justice from case to case.”

                                     It would also be worthwhile to recall that the landmark judgment in Sarla Mudgal case which was authored by Justice Kuldip Singh began with this note: “ “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India” is an unequivocal mandate under Article 44 of the Constitution of India which seeks to introduce a uniform personal law – a decisive step towards national consolidation. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, while defending the introduction of the Hindu Code Bill instead of a uniform civil code, in the Parliament in 1954, said “I do not think that at the present moment the time is ripe in India for me to try to push it through”. It appears that even 41 years thereafter, the Rulers of the day are not in a mood to retrieve Article 44 from the cold storage where it is lying since 1949. The Governments – which have come and gone – have so far failed to make any effort towards “unified personal law for all Indians”. The reasons are too obvious to be stated. The utmost that has been done is to codify the Hindu law in the form of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 and the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 which have replaced the traditional Hindu law based on different schools of thought and scriptural laws into one unified code. When more than 80% of the citizens have already been brought under the codified personal law there is no justification whatsoever to keep in abeyance any more, the introduction of “uniform civil code” for all citizens in the territory of India.”  

                                Most notably, it is also observed in John Vallamattom vs Union of India (2003) by the then CJI VN Khare that, “It is a matter of regret that Article 44 of the Constitution has not been given effect to. Parliament is still to step in for framing a common civil code in the country. A common civil code will help the cause of national integration by removing the contradictions based on ideologies.” Can anyone ever deny this? Certainly not!

                                          Moving on, it is then very rightly underscored in para 21 of this latest noteworthy judgment that, “However, Goa is a shining example of an Indian State which has a uniform civil code applicable to all, regardless of religion except while protecting certain limited rights. It would also not be out of place to mention that with effect from 22.12.2016 certain portions of the Portuguese Civil Code have been repealed and replaced by the Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceedings Act, 2012 which, by and large, is in line with the Portuguese Civil Code. The salient features with regard to family properties are that a married couple jointly holds the ownership of all the assets owned before marriage by each spouse. Therefore, in case of divorce, each spouse is entitled to half share of the assets. The law, however, permits pre-nuptial agreements which may have a different system of division of assets. Another important aspect, as pointed out earlier, is that at least half of the property has to pass to the legal heirs as legitime. This, in some ways, is akin to the concept of ‘coparcenary’ in Hindu law. However, as far as Goa is concerned this legitime will also apply to the self-acquired properties. Muslim men whose marriages are registered in Goa cannot practice polygamy. Further, even for followers of Islam there is no provision for verbal divorce.”

                                             In other words, the Supreme Court has minced just no words to convey it loud and clear as is quite ostensible from the above discussion in this extremely landmark judgment that no attempt has been made to frame uniform civil code despite judicial exhortation. Time and again the top court has written reams and reams on the dire need of the uniform civil code in our country but Centre has repeatedly turned a blind eye to it! The top court has once again now lauded the shining example of Goa where uniform civil code is applicable to all, regardless of religion except while protecting certain rights.

                                       The million dollar question that arises now is: Why can’t then it be extended all over India to all people of all religion equally? It can be extended provided political strong will is there which so far has been totally lacking! This is what the top court has suggested by being most vocal about framing uniform civil code and lambasting successive Central governments for not doing anything on this score despite judicial exhortation and very rightly so!

                                             Centre must stop dishing out excuses for not framing uniform civil code in light of this latest, landmark and extremely laudable judgment and promptly act in this direction so that no one feels that just one community or religion is getting special privileges at the cost of the other! When polygamy can be banned among Hindus in 1955 then why after more than  64 years can it not be banned among Muslims also? It cannot be also lightly dismissed that many Muslim women are battling this out also in litigation as they feel that women is inexorably suffering the most because of it!

                                   Most importantly: Why evil practices like triple talaq, nikah halala and polygamy have been allowed to continue for so long since 1947 till 2019 which has made the life of a woman worse than that of animal? Why triple talaq has been banned after such a long time? Why nikah halala which makes a complete mockery of women has not been banned even now? Same holds true for polygamy!

                                   To summarize,  Supreme Court has in a catena of leading cases time and again forcefully argued in favour of uniform civil code but what an unbeatable irony that even after more than 72 years of independence, the idea of uniform civil code still remains just a pipedream! Centre must act right now by boldly acting on what the Supreme Court has directed now so remarkably in this leading case just like it has done in so many cases earlier also! Unquestionably, it is our national interests that will gain most and this must be uppermost in Centre’s priority list at all cost!


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  19 Sep 2019     Views:1687

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Delhi HC Refuses Anticipatory Bail To P Chidambara...
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Chidambaram Getting No Respite From Courts...
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Bombsy HC: Treat every citizen with dignity...
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Integration Of J&K With India Is Now Full And Fina...
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Second Appeal Not To Be Dismissed Merely On The Gr...
18 Aug 2019     Views:1484
Judge Can Recuse From A Case At His Own Volition, ...
17 Aug 2019     Views:1577
Don't politicize demolition of temples: SC...
16 Aug 2019     Views:4923
Madras Christian College - female students sexuall...
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Charged for employing triple talaq...
16 Aug 2019     Views:2305
Earlier Convicted now Acquitted - Lack of Conclusi...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2244
MACAD Scheme to be enforced in Tamil Nadu - 1st Oc...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2171
Filing Of Criminal Complaint For Settling Civil Di...
15 Aug 2019     Views:1615
End Discrimination: Equalize legal age of Marriage...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1461
Madras HC issues directions upon Officers to check...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1988
BOMBAY HC to Civic Bodies: "Own up to your respons...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1498
Infringement of Registered TM "Vistara" - Threat t...
13 Aug 2019     Views:2045
US Citizen approaches Bombay High Court After Bein...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1679
Normalcy need not be restored in J&K instantly : S...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1587
Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1584
Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1428
Madras HC upholds the appointment notification of ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1513
Plea against E-pharmacies struck down by Bombay HC...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1520
Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1497
No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1604
Delhi HC: Plant 50 Trees, Quash Criminal Proceedin...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1449
Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1695
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1482
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1464
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1399
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2124
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1551
Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1480
Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1498
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1897
Delhi HC: Simple language to be incorporated in FI...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1811
THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA ASKED THE GOVERNMENT T...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1356
Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
08 Aug 2019     Views:2952
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1757
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1657
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1484
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1526
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1710
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1630
History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1686
No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1646
Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1889
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1459
Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1671
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:1665
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1738
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1458
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1374
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
03 Aug 2019     Views:2026
Bombay High Court Hears Dowry Case Involving A Civ...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1766
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2018
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1565
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1417
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1450
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5713
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:2248
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1475
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1511
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1700
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1432
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:1459
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1386
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1745
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1896
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:1414
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:1503
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:1280
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:1980
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
03 Jul 2019     Views:1351
UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
02 Jul 2019     Views:1542
How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
01 Jul 2019     Views:2380
Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2678
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2676
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2806
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1317
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1633
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:4798
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:2676
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:1839
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:2171
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
20 May 2019     Views:5674
Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:1613
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
20 May 2019     Views:8872
“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:1484
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:1696
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:1412
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
20 May 2019     Views:3159
Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:1504
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:1354
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:3469
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
04 Apr 2019     Views:4268
SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
04 Apr 2019     Views:6744
Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
04 Apr 2019     Views:6480
SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1760
P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1548
Death Sentence Can Be Imposed Only When Life Impri...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2101
Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2263
Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2342
Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2383
Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1400
Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1842
Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2548
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3063
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2809
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3101
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1543
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1611
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3153
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:2467
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:3164
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2410
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2646
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2729
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2011
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:2136
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2174
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2802
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1688
Can a Economic offender can escape by surrendering...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1564
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1467
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:6598
Quick Divorce in India...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1600
4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1767
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
21 Jan 2019     Views:11999
Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:3700
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
17 Jan 2019     Views:1549
Delhi HC Rejects AJL's Plea Against Centre's Order...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2527
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Delhi HC Awards Life Term To...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2233
SC Dismisses Petitions Seeking Probe Into Rafale D...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2638
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:3196
Why Lawyers Of West UP Are Compelled To Strike Fre...
20 Dec 2018     Views:1797
recheck...
19 Dec 2018     Views:2353
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots – Delhi HC Upholds Convicti...
12 Dec 2018     Views:1959
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:2257
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2375
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2434
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2291
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:3978
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1563
Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1679
Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1535
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1466
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
26 Nov 2018     Views:3042
Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1908
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2656
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2486
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:3779
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2822
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1703
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2727
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1939
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1712
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2212
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2095
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:2402
Reputation Of An Individual Is An Insegregable Fac...
26 Sep 2018     Views:3183
Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settleme...
18 Sep 2018     Views:4100
Punjab & Haryana HC Orders Rape Convict, Mother To...
17 Sep 2018     Views:2471
Bombay HC Imposes Cost Of Rs 50K On Petitioner Fir...
17 Sep 2018     Views:1743
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1811
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1753
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1895
SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:2203
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:3062
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1818
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2307
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2056
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:1768
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1897
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1913
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:2069
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2121
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:2074
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2396
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:2347
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1863
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:1949
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1820
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3189
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3188
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3024
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2301
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1643
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1597
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2131
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2098
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1886
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:4648
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3288
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2605
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2214
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1611
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1495
Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1663
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1487
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:2654
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2057
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2497
Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:3086
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2186
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2268
Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1798
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:1545
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1703
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
01 Jun 2018     Views:3470
SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1527
SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
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UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
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Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1800
Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1715
Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
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A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
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People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:1611
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1735
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1535
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
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How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1602
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2070
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1649
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1556
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:2939
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1529
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1797
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1537
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1569
CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
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Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
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SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:2178
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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Kerala teen surveillance case: Invasion of Privacy...
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