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  • No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

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No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  19 Sep 2019     Views:950

Legal Article

No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despite Judicial Exhortation: SC

                                           At the outset, there can be no denying that it is a matter of greatest concern that none other than the Supreme Court which is the highest court in India has just recently in a latest, landmark and extremely laudable judgment titled Jose Paulo Coutinho vs. Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira & Anr. in Civil Appeal No. 7378 of 2010 delivered on September 13, 2019 and authored by Justice Deepak Gupta  while speaking for the Bench for himself and Justice Aniruddha Bose has minced just no words to drive home the valid point that no attempt has been made yet to frame a Uniform Civil Code applicable to all citizens of the country despite exhortations by it. Where is any doubt in this? We all know it very well but yet we see that Centre and Parliament has taken just no action in last more than seven decades to do something concrete to address it!

                                First and foremost, the ball is set rolling in para 1 of this notable judgment wherein it is pointed out that, ““Whether succession to the property of a Goan situated outside Goa in India will be governed by the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867 as applicable in the State of Goa or the Indian Succession Act, 1925” is the question which arises for decision in this appeal.”

                                         While narrating the facts, it is then stated in para 2 that, “One Joaquim Mariano Pereira (JMP) had three daughters viz. (1) Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira (ML), Respondent No. 1 (2) Virginia Pereira and (3) Maria Augusta Antoneita Pereira Fernandes. He also had a wife named Claudina Lacerda Pereira. He lived in Bombay and purchased a property in Bombay in the year 1955. On 06.05.1957 he bequeathed this property at Bombay to his youngest daughter, Maria Luiza Valentina Pereira, Respondent No. 1. He bequeathed Rs. 3000/- each to his other two daughters. His wife expired on 31.10.1960 when he was still alive. JMP died on 02.08.1967. The probate of the Will dated 06.05.1957 was granted by the High Court of Bombay at Goa on 12.09.1980. Both the other daughters were served notice of the probate proceedings.”    

                                          Briefly stated, it is then brought out in para 3 that, “Goa was liberated from Portuguese rule on 19.12.1961. An ordinance being The Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Ordinance was promulgated on 05.03.1962 and thereafter the Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act, 1962 was enacted, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act of 1962’. Both the Ordinance as well as the Act of 1962 provided that the laws applicable in Goa prior to the appointed date i.e., 20.12.1961 would continue to be in force until amended or repealed by the competent legislature or authority. Section 5 of the Act of 1962 which is relevant for our purpose reads as follows:-

“5. Continuance of existing laws and their adaptation-

(1) All laws in force immediately before the appointed day in Goa, Daman and Diu or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority.

(2) For the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law in relation to the administration of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union territory and for the purpose of bringing the provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of the Constitution, the Central Government may within two years from the appointed day, by order, may (sic make) such adaptations and modifications, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary or expedient and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made.””

                                      More importantly, it is then pointed out in para 4 that, “It is not disputed before us that the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Civil Code’) as applicable in the State of Goa before its liberation in 1962 would apply. The Civil Code is in two parts – one part deals with all substantial civil laws including laws of succession and the other part deals with procedure. As far as the present case is concerned, they are governed by the Civil Code. The main dispute is that whereas the appellant, who is one of the legal heirs of the daughters of JMP, claims that even the property of JMP in Bombay is to be dealt with under the Civil Code, the case of the respondent i.e., the daughter who was bequeathed the property in Bombay is that as far as the immovable property situated outside Goa in any other part of India is concerned, it would be the Indian Succession Act, 1925 which would apply.”

                                                        Needless to say, it is then made amply clear in para 14 that, “The Civil Code may be a Code of Portuguese origin but after conquest and annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu, this Code became applicable to the domiciles of Goa only by virtue of the Ordinance and thereafter, by the Act. Therefore, the Civil Code has been enforced in Goa, Daman and Diu by an Act of the Indian Parliament and thus, becomes an Indian law. This issue is no longer res integra.”            

                                    What’s more, para 17 then further brings out that, “It is important to note that this Court held that in so far as the continuance of old laws is concerned, the new sovereign is not bound to follow the old laws. It is at liberty to adopt the old laws wholly or in part. It may totally reject the old laws and replace them with laws which apply in the other territories of the new sovereign. It is for the new sovereign to decide what action it would take with regard to the application of laws and from which date which law is to apply. As far as the present case is concerned, firstly the President by an Ordinance and later Parliament by an Act of Parliament decided that certain laws, as applicable to the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu prior to its conquest, which may be referred to as the erstwhile Portuguese laws, would continue in the territories. It was, however, made clear that these laws would continue only until amended or repealed by competent legislature or by other competent authority.”

                                 Furthermore, it is then also made clear in para 18 that, “We are clearly of the view that these laws would not have been applicable unless recognised by the Indian Government and the Portuguese Civil Code continued to apply in Goa only because of an Act of the Parliament of India. Therefore, the Portuguese law which may have had foreign origin became a part of the Indian laws, and in sum and substance, is an Indian law. It is no longer a foreign law. Goa is a territory of India; all domiciles of Goa are citizens of India; the Portuguese Civil Code is applicable only on account of the Ordinance and the Act referred to above. Therefore, it is crystal clear that the Code is an Indian law and no principles of private international law are applicable to this case. We answer question number one accordingly.”

                                      While making a strong pitch for uniform civil code and lamenting total inaction on this front, it is then envisaged in para 20 that, “It is interesting to note that whereas the founders of the Constitution in Article 44 in Part IV dealing with the Directive Principles of State Policy had hoped and expected that the State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territories of India, till date no action has been taken in this regard. Though Hindu laws were codified in the year 1956, there has been no attempt to frame a Uniform Civil Code applicable to all citizens of the country despite exhortations of this Court in the case of Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs. Shah Bano (1985) 2 SCC 556 and Sarla Mudgal & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. (1995) 3 SCC 635.”

                                      It would be worthwhile to recall that in Shah Bano case of 1985, the Apex Court pulled back no punches to hold clearly and categorically that, “It is also a matter of regret that Article 44 of our Constitution has remained a dead letter. It provides that “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”. There is no evidence of any official activity for framing a common civil code for the country. A belief seems to have gained ground that it is for the Muslim community to take a lead in the matter of reforms of their personal law. A common Civil Code will help the cause of national integration by removing disparate loyalties to laws which have conflicting ideologies. No community is likely to bell the cat by making gratuitous concessions on this issue. It is the State which is charged with the duty of securing a uniform civil code for the citizens of the country and unquestionably, it has the legislative competence to do so. A counsel in the case whispered, somewhat audibly, that legislative competence is one thing, the political courage to use that competence is quite another. We understand the difficulties involved in bringing persons of different faiths and persuasions on a common platform. But, a beginning has to be made if the Constitution is to have any meaning. Inevitably, the role of the reformer has to be assumed by the courts because, it is beyond the endurance of sensitive minds to allow injustice to be suffered when it is so palpable. But piecemeal attempts of courts to bridge the gap between personal Laws cannot take the place of a common Civil Code. Justice to all is a far more satisfactory way of dispensing justice than justice from case to case.”

                                     It would also be worthwhile to recall that the landmark judgment in Sarla Mudgal case which was authored by Justice Kuldip Singh began with this note: “ “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India” is an unequivocal mandate under Article 44 of the Constitution of India which seeks to introduce a uniform personal law – a decisive step towards national consolidation. Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, while defending the introduction of the Hindu Code Bill instead of a uniform civil code, in the Parliament in 1954, said “I do not think that at the present moment the time is ripe in India for me to try to push it through”. It appears that even 41 years thereafter, the Rulers of the day are not in a mood to retrieve Article 44 from the cold storage where it is lying since 1949. The Governments – which have come and gone – have so far failed to make any effort towards “unified personal law for all Indians”. The reasons are too obvious to be stated. The utmost that has been done is to codify the Hindu law in the form of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 and the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 which have replaced the traditional Hindu law based on different schools of thought and scriptural laws into one unified code. When more than 80% of the citizens have already been brought under the codified personal law there is no justification whatsoever to keep in abeyance any more, the introduction of “uniform civil code” for all citizens in the territory of India.”  

                                Most notably, it is also observed in John Vallamattom vs Union of India (2003) by the then CJI VN Khare that, “It is a matter of regret that Article 44 of the Constitution has not been given effect to. Parliament is still to step in for framing a common civil code in the country. A common civil code will help the cause of national integration by removing the contradictions based on ideologies.” Can anyone ever deny this? Certainly not!

                                          Moving on, it is then very rightly underscored in para 21 of this latest noteworthy judgment that, “However, Goa is a shining example of an Indian State which has a uniform civil code applicable to all, regardless of religion except while protecting certain limited rights. It would also not be out of place to mention that with effect from 22.12.2016 certain portions of the Portuguese Civil Code have been repealed and replaced by the Goa Succession, Special Notaries and Inventory Proceedings Act, 2012 which, by and large, is in line with the Portuguese Civil Code. The salient features with regard to family properties are that a married couple jointly holds the ownership of all the assets owned before marriage by each spouse. Therefore, in case of divorce, each spouse is entitled to half share of the assets. The law, however, permits pre-nuptial agreements which may have a different system of division of assets. Another important aspect, as pointed out earlier, is that at least half of the property has to pass to the legal heirs as legitime. This, in some ways, is akin to the concept of ‘coparcenary’ in Hindu law. However, as far as Goa is concerned this legitime will also apply to the self-acquired properties. Muslim men whose marriages are registered in Goa cannot practice polygamy. Further, even for followers of Islam there is no provision for verbal divorce.”

                                             In other words, the Supreme Court has minced just no words to convey it loud and clear as is quite ostensible from the above discussion in this extremely landmark judgment that no attempt has been made to frame uniform civil code despite judicial exhortation. Time and again the top court has written reams and reams on the dire need of the uniform civil code in our country but Centre has repeatedly turned a blind eye to it! The top court has once again now lauded the shining example of Goa where uniform civil code is applicable to all, regardless of religion except while protecting certain rights.

                                       The million dollar question that arises now is: Why can’t then it be extended all over India to all people of all religion equally? It can be extended provided political strong will is there which so far has been totally lacking! This is what the top court has suggested by being most vocal about framing uniform civil code and lambasting successive Central governments for not doing anything on this score despite judicial exhortation and very rightly so!

                                             Centre must stop dishing out excuses for not framing uniform civil code in light of this latest, landmark and extremely laudable judgment and promptly act in this direction so that no one feels that just one community or religion is getting special privileges at the cost of the other! When polygamy can be banned among Hindus in 1955 then why after more than  64 years can it not be banned among Muslims also? It cannot be also lightly dismissed that many Muslim women are battling this out also in litigation as they feel that women is inexorably suffering the most because of it!

                                   Most importantly: Why evil practices like triple talaq, nikah halala and polygamy have been allowed to continue for so long since 1947 till 2019 which has made the life of a woman worse than that of animal? Why triple talaq has been banned after such a long time? Why nikah halala which makes a complete mockery of women has not been banned even now? Same holds true for polygamy!

                                   To summarize,  Supreme Court has in a catena of leading cases time and again forcefully argued in favour of uniform civil code but what an unbeatable irony that even after more than 72 years of independence, the idea of uniform civil code still remains just a pipedream! Centre must act right now by boldly acting on what the Supreme Court has directed now so remarkably in this leading case just like it has done in so many cases earlier also! Unquestionably, it is our national interests that will gain most and this must be uppermost in Centre’s priority list at all cost!


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  19 Sep 2019     Views:950

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Filing Of Criminal Complaint For Settling Civil Di...
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Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
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Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:693
Madras HC upholds the appointment notification of ...
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Plea against E-pharmacies struck down by Bombay HC...
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Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
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No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:781
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Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:987
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:737
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:766
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:682
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:993
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
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Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
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09 Aug 2019     Views:738
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
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Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:922
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:847
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
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Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:798
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:858
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06 Aug 2019     Views:854
No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
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Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1030
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
05 Aug 2019     Views:752
Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:977
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:828
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1030
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:754
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:751
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1247
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03 Aug 2019     Views:888
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1088
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:797
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:759
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:738
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:4876
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:1237
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:718
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:733
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:849
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:639
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17 Jul 2019     Views:779
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:734
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1093
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1312
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
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Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
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HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
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Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
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Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
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How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
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Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1635
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
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Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
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Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
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Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
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Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:2359
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
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My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
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Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
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“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
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Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
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Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
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Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
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Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
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Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
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Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:1635
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
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Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1537
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1707
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1926
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:1212
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:1384
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Quick Divorce in India...
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4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
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Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:2439
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20 Dec 2018     Views:1735
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12 Dec 2018     Views:1262
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11 Dec 2018     Views:1288
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26 Nov 2018     Views:1602
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
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Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
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Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
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Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
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Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2921
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2048
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
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Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
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Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
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Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
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SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
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Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
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SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
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NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:2275
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1081
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1670
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1286
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:1029
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
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NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1122
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1269
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:1312
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:1166
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:1596
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1503
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
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UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:1065
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1134
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2300
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2033
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2387
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1597
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:966
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
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Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1125
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:999
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
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Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3440
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
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Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
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Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1469
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:889
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
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Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:881
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
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Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:1891
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
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Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
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Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:2103
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
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Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
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Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1067
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:907
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:903
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
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SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
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SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
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UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
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Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
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Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
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Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1024
A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1128
People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:904
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:947
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:816
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:805
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:878
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:1143
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:883
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:849
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1991
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:888
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:861
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:812
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
10 Feb 2018     Views:816
CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1365
Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
10 Feb 2018     Views:901
SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:1388
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DIRECTION FOR MANDATORY AADHA...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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