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  • SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; But Says States Can’t Unilaterally Introduce It

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SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; But Says States Can’t Unilaterally Introduce It

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  03 Sep 2018     Views:2331

Coming straight to the nub of the matter, in a landmark judgment with far reaching consequences, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Bir Singh v Delhi Jal Board & Ors in Civil Appeal No. 1085 of 2013 decided on August 30, 2018 has held that Pan India Reservation Rule in force in National Capital Territory of Delhi is in accord with the constitutional scheme relating to services under the Union and the States/Union Territories. As regards States, the Bench observed that, “If in the opinion of a State it is necessary to extend the benefit of reservation to a class/category of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes beyond those specified in the Lists for that particular State, constitutional discipline would require the State to make its views in the matter prevail with the central authority so as to enable an appropriate parliamentary exercise to be made by an amendment of the Lists of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes for that particular State. Unilateral action by States on the touchstone of Article 16(4) of the Constitution could be a possible trigger point of constitutional anarchy and therefore must be held to be impermissible under the Constitution.” Justice Ranjan Gogoi who headed the five-Judge Bench, authored the judgment for the majority (also comprising of Justice NV Ramana, Justice Mohan M Shantanagoudar and Justice S Abdul Nazeer).

                                          In other words, the Bench by a majority held that the Scheduled Castes or Tribes can avail benefit of reservation in government jobs only in their home states and they cannot access quotas in other states where they might have migrated. It was also held by a five-Judge Bench that a person from the SC or ST category should not claim benefits in another state or Union Territory. Upholding the “son of the soil” principle, the Bench said if a person’s status migrates with him it will amount to depriving the rights of SCs or STs of the host state. The court noted that a particular community is notified as SC or ST in relation to a state and that concept would become “nugatory” (of no value) if migrants from other states are in its ambit. It also held that the beneficiary lists cannot be changed by states and alterations of the presidential orders can only be done by Parliament. “Unhesitatingly, therefore, it can be said that a person belonging to a scheduled caste in one state cannot be deemed to be a scheduled caste person in relation to any other state to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education” the court said. The Bench said the expression ‘in relation to that state or Union Territory’ and ‘for the purpose of this Constitution’ used in Articles 341 and 342 means benefits of reservation would be within the geographical territories of a state or UT in respect of which lists of SCs and STs have been notified by presidential orders, Justice Gogoi said in  his judgment.

                                           It would be pertinent to mention here that the Bench said: “If the special privileges or the rights granted to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes in a particular state are to be made available in all states and if such benefits are to be carried from state ‘A’ to state ‘B’ on migration, the mandate of Article 341/342 would get compromised. Such a compromise must be avoided…” The Apex Court also held that the state could not tinker with list of SCs or STs by including other castes or tribes, saying this can be done only by Parliament and states doing so will lead to constitutional anarchy. In other words, the Apex Court made it clear that, “The upshot of the aforesaid discussion would lead us to the conclusion that the Presidential Orders issued under Article 341 in regard to scheduled castes and under Article 342 in regard to scheduled tribes cannot be varied or altered by any authority including the court. It is Parliament alone which has been vested with the power to so act, that too, by laws made. SCs and STs thus specified in relation to a state or a UT do not carry the same status in another state or UT. Any expansion or deletion of the list by any authority except Parliament would be against the constitutional mandate.”      

                                        Be it noted, only one Judge Justice R Banumathi, differed with the majority. However, Justice R Banumathi agreed with the majority that a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in one State cannot be deemed to be a Scheduled Caste person in relation to any other State to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education, disagreed with the exception given to National Capital Territory of Delhi. The four Judges were of the view that migrants be allowed benefit of reservation in Delhi subordinate services. Justice Banumathi said: “If the reservation to the SCs and STs are to be extended to all categories of SC/STs all over India or to migrants then there is every possibility of the SCs and STs of other developed states and UTs squandering reservations to SCs/STs who are disadvantaged in the respective states/UTs including UT of Delhi.”

                                 The Issue

                              Needless to say, in State of Uttaranchal v Sandeep Kumar Singh and others (2010) 12 SCC 794 (Civil Appeal No. 4494 of 2006), the following question arose for consideration of this Court:

             “Whether a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in relation to a particular State would be entitled or not, to the benefits or concessions allowed to Scheduled Caste candidate in the matter of employment, in any other State?”

     Takes Note Of Constitution Bench Judgment in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao

                                        As it turned out, the Bench took note of two earlier Constitution Bench judgments in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao vs Dean, Seth GS Medical College and others (1990) 3 SCC 130 and Action Committee on Issue of Caste Certificate to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State of Maharashtra and another vs Union of India (1994) 5 SCC 244 that had held that a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in one state cannot be deemed to be a Scheduled Caste person in relation to any other state to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education.

Did Not Go Into Correctness Of View Expressed In S Pushpa

                             It cannot be lost on us that in S Pushpa and others vs Sivachanmugavelu and others (2005) 3 SCC 1 it was observed that the principle enunciated in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao cannot have application here as UT of Pondicherry is not a state. It also held that UT of Pondicherry having adopted a policy of the Central Government whereunder all Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes, irrespective of their State are eligible for posts which are reserved for SC/ST candidates, no legal infirmity can be ascribed to such a policy and the same cannot be held to be contrary to any provision of law. The Constitution Bench, however, did not go into the correctness of the view expressed by the three-Judge Bench in S Pushpa.   

    Unilateral Action By States In Adopting Pan India Reservation Policy Could Trigger Anarchy

                                        Simply put, the Bench eloquently and elegantly answered the reference as follows: “It is an unquestionable principle of interpretation that interrelated statutory as well as constitutional provisions have to be harmoniously construed and understood so as to avoid making any provision nugatory and redundant. If the list of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes in the Presidential Orders under Article 341/342 is subject to alteration only by laws made by Parliament, operation of the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes beyond the classes or categories enumerated under the Presidential Order for a particular State/Union Territory by exercise of the enabling power vested by Article 16(4) would have the obvious effect of circumventing the specific constitutional provisions in Articles 341/342. In this regard, it must also be noted that the power under Article 16(4) is not only capable of being exercised by a legislative provision/enactment but also by an Executive Order issued 44 under Article 166 of the Constitution. It will, therefore, be in consonance with the constitutional scheme to understand the enabling provision under Article 16(4) to be available to provide reservation only to the classes or categories of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes enumerated in the Presidential orders for a particular State/Union Territory within the geographical area of that State and not beyond. If in the opinion of a State it is necessary to extend the benefit of reservation to a class/category of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes beyond those specified in the Lists for that particular State, constitutional discipline would require the State to make its views in the matter prevail with the central authority so as to enable an appropriate parliamentary exercise to be made by an amendment of the Lists of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes for that particular State. Unilateral action by States on the touchstone of Article 16(4) of the Constitution could be a possible trigger point of constitutional anarchy and therefore must be held to be impermissible under the Constitution.”

    Subordinate Services In ‘Capital City’ Are Clearly Central Civil Services

                    Interestingly enough, but as regards NCT of Delhi, the Bench of Apex Court observed that subordinate services in the National Capital Territory of Delhi are clearly Central Civil Services. Referring to Central Services Rules, the Bench observed: “In so far as the services in connection with the affairs of the Union is concerned (Central Services), wherever the establishment may be located i.e. in the National Capital Territory of Delhi or in a State or within the geographical areas of Union Territory, recruitment to all positions is on an All India basis and reservation provided for is again a pan-India reservation. This by itself, from one perspective, may appear to be in departure from the rule set out in Para XVI of the Constitution of India (Articles 341 and 342). However, the close look undertaken hereinbefore indicates such a position is fully in accord with the constitutional structure of a federal polity.”

                                  Going forward, the Bench further added that, “A combined reading of these provisions of the DASS Rules, 1967 and CCS Rules, 1965, therefore, more than adequately explains the nature of Subordinate Services in the NCT of Delhi. These clearly are General Central Services and perhaps, it is owing to this state of affairs that the Union of India in its affidavit has stated that, “Members of the Delhi Administrative Subordinate Service are the Feeder Cadre for Central Civil Services Group B (DANICS). It is for these reasons that the policy (of pan India eligibility) is consistently adopted”.” The Bench also reproduced observations made in Dr Jagdish Saran and Others vs Union of India with regard to the special status that the capital city enjoys. In the said case, the Supreme Court had observed that Delhi is a ‘miniaturised India’.

                  Justice Banumathi’s Dissenting Opinion

Pan India Reservation Policy: “There can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories/States”, says Justice R Banumathi in her Dissent.

                                       To be sure, Justice R Banumathi also noted that, “If the reservation to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are to be extended to all categories of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes all over India or to the migrants then there is every possibility of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of other developed States and Union Territories squandering reservations to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are disadvantaged in the respective States/Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi.” Justice R Banumathi penned an elaborate order expressing her own reasons for differing with the conclusion of the Constitution Bench judgment authored by Justice Ranjan Gogoi that upheld Pan India Reservation Police in National Capital Territory of Delhi.   

There can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories

                                              No wonder, Justice R Banumathi while dissenting with the majority view which carved an exception for National Capital, observed clearly and convincingly that extending PAN India reservation to the employment falling under the services of Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi, will be against the Constitutional scheme. According to the Judge, the Constitution Bench decisions in Marrri Chandra Shekhar Rao and Action Committee are applicable with equal force to the Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi. She minced no words in stating unambiguously that, “There cannot be any distinction between the States and the Union Territories. Likewise, there can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories.”

Services under Union Territories cannot be said to be Central Civil Services

                                  As things stand, while elaborately referring to Service Rules, the Judge observed that, “Services under the Union Territories though they are Central Government services, they are services under the respective Union Territories and not under the direct control of Union of India/different Ministries. Procedure for recruitment to the various posts for the services of Union Territories are different as followed by respective Union Territories. The persons appointed for the services of Union Territories might be governed by CCS (CCA) Rules; but they are employees of respective Union Territories. The appointing authorities are the authorities under the administration of Union Territories and not under the Ministries of Union of India. Central Civil Services are the services directly under Union of India. Contrarily, various services under the Union Territories are the services under the respective Union Territories. Such services under Union Territories cannot be said to be Central Civil Services that is services under Union of India to extend the benefit of PAN India reservation for recruitment to the services under respective Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi.”   

       Observation in Pushpa judgment not correct

                                           Truth be told, though the majority judgment is silent of correctness of three Judge Bench decision in Pushpa, Justice Banumathi observed that the said case is not a correct decision extending PAN India reservation for the reserved posts recruited by NCT of Delhi or any other Union Territories. She also said that, “When the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes are specified for each State in relation to one State or Union Territory, neither the State legislature, the administration of the Union Territories and nor the courts can include or exclude other Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes so notified in the Presidential Order. Providing all India reservation to the services of Union Territories 159 including Union Territory of Delhi, would be against the mandate of Articles 341 and 342 and the Presidential Orders issued thereon. If that is permitted, it would amount to addition or alteration of the Presidential Order which is impermissible and violative of the Constitutional scheme.”         

It would defeat the very object of providing reservation to the disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in a particular State or Union Territory    

                                                More importantly, Justice Banumathi further added: “It is the responsibility of each State/Union Territory to provide for such reservation/affirmative action by positive discretion to bring backward classes/Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the respective States/areas to provide socio-economic empowerment. If the reservation to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are to be extended to all categories of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes all over India or to the migrants then there is every possibility of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of other developed States and Union Territories squandering reservations to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are disadvantaged in the respective States/Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi. If this is permitted, it would defeat thee very object of providing reservation to the disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in a particular State or Union Territory. The enabling provision of Article 16(4) of the Constitution has to yield to the constitutional scheme of Article 341 and 342 of the Constitution.” She too has a valid point!

                                                     All said and done, it is a landmark judgment in which Supreme Court has upheld  Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi but also held that States can’t unilaterally introduce it! It was clearly and categorically held that SC/ST status entitling a person to quotas in jobs and admissions in one state will not automatically continue in another when the person migrates, except when he goes to Delhi, as it is the national capital and a microcosm of India. Very rightly so!

                                              Finally and most importantly, it was also held unequivocally that this would be detrimental to the interests of local communities and hence unconstitutional. The Bench was ruling here on several appeals and cross appeals. Also, the Bench refrained from addressing the issues in question as far as other Union Territories are concerned and confined their discussion and the consequential views only to the National Capital Territory of Delhi! Very rightly so! Who can deny it?


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  03 Sep 2018     Views:2331

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Judge Can Recuse From A Case At His Own Volition, ...
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Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1663
Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1487
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No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
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Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1777
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
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Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1525
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1475
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2181
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
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Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
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Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1568
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
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08 Aug 2019     Views:1883
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Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1834
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1734
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1543
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1603
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
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History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
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No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
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Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1957
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
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Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1832
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:1733
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1809
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1515
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1434
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
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03 Aug 2019     Views:1843
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2107
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1633
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1487
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1523
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5792
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:2362
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1549
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1581
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1808
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1506
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Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1453
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1823
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1975
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:1470
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
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HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
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Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
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Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
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Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
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Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
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Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
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Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
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Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1696
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:5064
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
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My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
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Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
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Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
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Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
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“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
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Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
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Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
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Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
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Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
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SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
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SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
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P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
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Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
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Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
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Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
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Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
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Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
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Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
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Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
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Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
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Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
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Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:3251
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2493
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2741
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2818
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2088
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:2201
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
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Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
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Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
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NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
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Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
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4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
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Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
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12 Dec 2018     Views:2027
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26 Nov 2018     Views:2460
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
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SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
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Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
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Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
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Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1601
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Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1999
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
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Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:3840
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
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Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
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Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
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SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
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Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
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SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:2331
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:3165
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
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MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
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NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1985
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
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Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2180
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:2147
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2463
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:2431
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
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UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:2020
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1893
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3270
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3260
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3107
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2384
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1719
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1660
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2225
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
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Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1961
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
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Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
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Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
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Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
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Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
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Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
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Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
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Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
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No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
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Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
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Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
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Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
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Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
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05 Jun 2018     Views:1860
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
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Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
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Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
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SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
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SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
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Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
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Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
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A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
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People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
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Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1819
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
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Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
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How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1682
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2164
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
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Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1626
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
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Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1602
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
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Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
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New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
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CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
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Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
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SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
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Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
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