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  • SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; But Says States Can’t Unilaterally Introduce It

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SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; But Says States Can’t Unilaterally Introduce It

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  03 Sep 2018     Views:2289

Coming straight to the nub of the matter, in a landmark judgment with far reaching consequences, the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Bir Singh v Delhi Jal Board & Ors in Civil Appeal No. 1085 of 2013 decided on August 30, 2018 has held that Pan India Reservation Rule in force in National Capital Territory of Delhi is in accord with the constitutional scheme relating to services under the Union and the States/Union Territories. As regards States, the Bench observed that, “If in the opinion of a State it is necessary to extend the benefit of reservation to a class/category of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes beyond those specified in the Lists for that particular State, constitutional discipline would require the State to make its views in the matter prevail with the central authority so as to enable an appropriate parliamentary exercise to be made by an amendment of the Lists of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes for that particular State. Unilateral action by States on the touchstone of Article 16(4) of the Constitution could be a possible trigger point of constitutional anarchy and therefore must be held to be impermissible under the Constitution.” Justice Ranjan Gogoi who headed the five-Judge Bench, authored the judgment for the majority (also comprising of Justice NV Ramana, Justice Mohan M Shantanagoudar and Justice S Abdul Nazeer).

                                          In other words, the Bench by a majority held that the Scheduled Castes or Tribes can avail benefit of reservation in government jobs only in their home states and they cannot access quotas in other states where they might have migrated. It was also held by a five-Judge Bench that a person from the SC or ST category should not claim benefits in another state or Union Territory. Upholding the “son of the soil” principle, the Bench said if a person’s status migrates with him it will amount to depriving the rights of SCs or STs of the host state. The court noted that a particular community is notified as SC or ST in relation to a state and that concept would become “nugatory” (of no value) if migrants from other states are in its ambit. It also held that the beneficiary lists cannot be changed by states and alterations of the presidential orders can only be done by Parliament. “Unhesitatingly, therefore, it can be said that a person belonging to a scheduled caste in one state cannot be deemed to be a scheduled caste person in relation to any other state to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education” the court said. The Bench said the expression ‘in relation to that state or Union Territory’ and ‘for the purpose of this Constitution’ used in Articles 341 and 342 means benefits of reservation would be within the geographical territories of a state or UT in respect of which lists of SCs and STs have been notified by presidential orders, Justice Gogoi said in  his judgment.

                                           It would be pertinent to mention here that the Bench said: “If the special privileges or the rights granted to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes in a particular state are to be made available in all states and if such benefits are to be carried from state ‘A’ to state ‘B’ on migration, the mandate of Article 341/342 would get compromised. Such a compromise must be avoided…” The Apex Court also held that the state could not tinker with list of SCs or STs by including other castes or tribes, saying this can be done only by Parliament and states doing so will lead to constitutional anarchy. In other words, the Apex Court made it clear that, “The upshot of the aforesaid discussion would lead us to the conclusion that the Presidential Orders issued under Article 341 in regard to scheduled castes and under Article 342 in regard to scheduled tribes cannot be varied or altered by any authority including the court. It is Parliament alone which has been vested with the power to so act, that too, by laws made. SCs and STs thus specified in relation to a state or a UT do not carry the same status in another state or UT. Any expansion or deletion of the list by any authority except Parliament would be against the constitutional mandate.”      

                                        Be it noted, only one Judge Justice R Banumathi, differed with the majority. However, Justice R Banumathi agreed with the majority that a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in one State cannot be deemed to be a Scheduled Caste person in relation to any other State to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education, disagreed with the exception given to National Capital Territory of Delhi. The four Judges were of the view that migrants be allowed benefit of reservation in Delhi subordinate services. Justice Banumathi said: “If the reservation to the SCs and STs are to be extended to all categories of SC/STs all over India or to migrants then there is every possibility of the SCs and STs of other developed states and UTs squandering reservations to SCs/STs who are disadvantaged in the respective states/UTs including UT of Delhi.”

                                 The Issue

                              Needless to say, in State of Uttaranchal v Sandeep Kumar Singh and others (2010) 12 SCC 794 (Civil Appeal No. 4494 of 2006), the following question arose for consideration of this Court:

             “Whether a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in relation to a particular State would be entitled or not, to the benefits or concessions allowed to Scheduled Caste candidate in the matter of employment, in any other State?”

     Takes Note Of Constitution Bench Judgment in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao

                                        As it turned out, the Bench took note of two earlier Constitution Bench judgments in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao vs Dean, Seth GS Medical College and others (1990) 3 SCC 130 and Action Committee on Issue of Caste Certificate to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State of Maharashtra and another vs Union of India (1994) 5 SCC 244 that had held that a person belonging to a Scheduled Caste in one state cannot be deemed to be a Scheduled Caste person in relation to any other state to which he migrates for the purpose of employment or education.

Did Not Go Into Correctness Of View Expressed In S Pushpa

                             It cannot be lost on us that in S Pushpa and others vs Sivachanmugavelu and others (2005) 3 SCC 1 it was observed that the principle enunciated in Marri Chandra Shekhar Rao cannot have application here as UT of Pondicherry is not a state. It also held that UT of Pondicherry having adopted a policy of the Central Government whereunder all Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribes, irrespective of their State are eligible for posts which are reserved for SC/ST candidates, no legal infirmity can be ascribed to such a policy and the same cannot be held to be contrary to any provision of law. The Constitution Bench, however, did not go into the correctness of the view expressed by the three-Judge Bench in S Pushpa.   

    Unilateral Action By States In Adopting Pan India Reservation Policy Could Trigger Anarchy

                                        Simply put, the Bench eloquently and elegantly answered the reference as follows: “It is an unquestionable principle of interpretation that interrelated statutory as well as constitutional provisions have to be harmoniously construed and understood so as to avoid making any provision nugatory and redundant. If the list of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes in the Presidential Orders under Article 341/342 is subject to alteration only by laws made by Parliament, operation of the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes beyond the classes or categories enumerated under the Presidential Order for a particular State/Union Territory by exercise of the enabling power vested by Article 16(4) would have the obvious effect of circumventing the specific constitutional provisions in Articles 341/342. In this regard, it must also be noted that the power under Article 16(4) is not only capable of being exercised by a legislative provision/enactment but also by an Executive Order issued 44 under Article 166 of the Constitution. It will, therefore, be in consonance with the constitutional scheme to understand the enabling provision under Article 16(4) to be available to provide reservation only to the classes or categories of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes enumerated in the Presidential orders for a particular State/Union Territory within the geographical area of that State and not beyond. If in the opinion of a State it is necessary to extend the benefit of reservation to a class/category of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes beyond those specified in the Lists for that particular State, constitutional discipline would require the State to make its views in the matter prevail with the central authority so as to enable an appropriate parliamentary exercise to be made by an amendment of the Lists of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes for that particular State. Unilateral action by States on the touchstone of Article 16(4) of the Constitution could be a possible trigger point of constitutional anarchy and therefore must be held to be impermissible under the Constitution.”

    Subordinate Services In ‘Capital City’ Are Clearly Central Civil Services

                    Interestingly enough, but as regards NCT of Delhi, the Bench of Apex Court observed that subordinate services in the National Capital Territory of Delhi are clearly Central Civil Services. Referring to Central Services Rules, the Bench observed: “In so far as the services in connection with the affairs of the Union is concerned (Central Services), wherever the establishment may be located i.e. in the National Capital Territory of Delhi or in a State or within the geographical areas of Union Territory, recruitment to all positions is on an All India basis and reservation provided for is again a pan-India reservation. This by itself, from one perspective, may appear to be in departure from the rule set out in Para XVI of the Constitution of India (Articles 341 and 342). However, the close look undertaken hereinbefore indicates such a position is fully in accord with the constitutional structure of a federal polity.”

                                  Going forward, the Bench further added that, “A combined reading of these provisions of the DASS Rules, 1967 and CCS Rules, 1965, therefore, more than adequately explains the nature of Subordinate Services in the NCT of Delhi. These clearly are General Central Services and perhaps, it is owing to this state of affairs that the Union of India in its affidavit has stated that, “Members of the Delhi Administrative Subordinate Service are the Feeder Cadre for Central Civil Services Group B (DANICS). It is for these reasons that the policy (of pan India eligibility) is consistently adopted”.” The Bench also reproduced observations made in Dr Jagdish Saran and Others vs Union of India with regard to the special status that the capital city enjoys. In the said case, the Supreme Court had observed that Delhi is a ‘miniaturised India’.

                  Justice Banumathi’s Dissenting Opinion

Pan India Reservation Policy: “There can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories/States”, says Justice R Banumathi in her Dissent.

                                       To be sure, Justice R Banumathi also noted that, “If the reservation to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are to be extended to all categories of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes all over India or to the migrants then there is every possibility of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of other developed States and Union Territories squandering reservations to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are disadvantaged in the respective States/Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi.” Justice R Banumathi penned an elaborate order expressing her own reasons for differing with the conclusion of the Constitution Bench judgment authored by Justice Ranjan Gogoi that upheld Pan India Reservation Police in National Capital Territory of Delhi.   

There can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories

                                              No wonder, Justice R Banumathi while dissenting with the majority view which carved an exception for National Capital, observed clearly and convincingly that extending PAN India reservation to the employment falling under the services of Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi, will be against the Constitutional scheme. According to the Judge, the Constitution Bench decisions in Marrri Chandra Shekhar Rao and Action Committee are applicable with equal force to the Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi. She minced no words in stating unambiguously that, “There cannot be any distinction between the States and the Union Territories. Likewise, there can be no distinction between Union Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories.”

Services under Union Territories cannot be said to be Central Civil Services

                                  As things stand, while elaborately referring to Service Rules, the Judge observed that, “Services under the Union Territories though they are Central Government services, they are services under the respective Union Territories and not under the direct control of Union of India/different Ministries. Procedure for recruitment to the various posts for the services of Union Territories are different as followed by respective Union Territories. The persons appointed for the services of Union Territories might be governed by CCS (CCA) Rules; but they are employees of respective Union Territories. The appointing authorities are the authorities under the administration of Union Territories and not under the Ministries of Union of India. Central Civil Services are the services directly under Union of India. Contrarily, various services under the Union Territories are the services under the respective Union Territories. Such services under Union Territories cannot be said to be Central Civil Services that is services under Union of India to extend the benefit of PAN India reservation for recruitment to the services under respective Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi.”   

       Observation in Pushpa judgment not correct

                                           Truth be told, though the majority judgment is silent of correctness of three Judge Bench decision in Pushpa, Justice Banumathi observed that the said case is not a correct decision extending PAN India reservation for the reserved posts recruited by NCT of Delhi or any other Union Territories. She also said that, “When the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes are specified for each State in relation to one State or Union Territory, neither the State legislature, the administration of the Union Territories and nor the courts can include or exclude other Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes so notified in the Presidential Order. Providing all India reservation to the services of Union Territories 159 including Union Territory of Delhi, would be against the mandate of Articles 341 and 342 and the Presidential Orders issued thereon. If that is permitted, it would amount to addition or alteration of the Presidential Order which is impermissible and violative of the Constitutional scheme.”         

It would defeat the very object of providing reservation to the disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in a particular State or Union Territory    

                                                More importantly, Justice Banumathi further added: “It is the responsibility of each State/Union Territory to provide for such reservation/affirmative action by positive discretion to bring backward classes/Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the respective States/areas to provide socio-economic empowerment. If the reservation to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are to be extended to all categories of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes all over India or to the migrants then there is every possibility of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of other developed States and Union Territories squandering reservations to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are disadvantaged in the respective States/Union Territories including Union Territory of Delhi. If this is permitted, it would defeat thee very object of providing reservation to the disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in a particular State or Union Territory. The enabling provision of Article 16(4) of the Constitution has to yield to the constitutional scheme of Article 341 and 342 of the Constitution.” She too has a valid point!

                                                     All said and done, it is a landmark judgment in which Supreme Court has upheld  Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi but also held that States can’t unilaterally introduce it! It was clearly and categorically held that SC/ST status entitling a person to quotas in jobs and admissions in one state will not automatically continue in another when the person migrates, except when he goes to Delhi, as it is the national capital and a microcosm of India. Very rightly so!

                                              Finally and most importantly, it was also held unequivocally that this would be detrimental to the interests of local communities and hence unconstitutional. The Bench was ruling here on several appeals and cross appeals. Also, the Bench refrained from addressing the issues in question as far as other Union Territories are concerned and confined their discussion and the consequential views only to the National Capital Territory of Delhi! Very rightly so! Who can deny it?


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  03 Sep 2018     Views:2289

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Second Appeal Not To Be Dismissed Merely On The Gr...
18 Aug 2019     Views:1525
Judge Can Recuse From A Case At His Own Volition, ...
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16 Aug 2019     Views:5023
Madras Christian College - female students sexuall...
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Charged for employing triple talaq...
16 Aug 2019     Views:2365
Earlier Convicted now Acquitted - Lack of Conclusi...
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MACAD Scheme to be enforced in Tamil Nadu - 1st Oc...
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Filing Of Criminal Complaint For Settling Civil Di...
15 Aug 2019     Views:1660
End Discrimination: Equalize legal age of Marriage...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1514
Madras HC issues directions upon Officers to check...
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14 Aug 2019     Views:1542
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13 Aug 2019     Views:2117
US Citizen approaches Bombay High Court After Bein...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1740
Normalcy need not be restored in J&K instantly : S...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1652
Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1641
Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1473
Madras HC upholds the appointment notification of ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1574
Plea against E-pharmacies struck down by Bombay HC...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1577
Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1542
No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1673
Delhi HC: Plant 50 Trees, Quash Criminal Proceedin...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1513
Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1753
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1523
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1510
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1456
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2166
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1611
Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1530
Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1553
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1951
Delhi HC: Simple language to be incorporated in FI...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1867
THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA ASKED THE GOVERNMENT T...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1399
Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
08 Aug 2019     Views:3000
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1812
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1715
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1525
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1582
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1766
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1686
History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1752
No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1711
Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1936
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1510
Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1806
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:1719
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1788
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1500
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1417
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
03 Aug 2019     Views:2075
Bombay High Court Hears Dowry Case Involving A Civ...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1821
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2084
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1614
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1471
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1503
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5770
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:2332
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1527
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1566
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1784
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1487
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:1513
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1434
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1802
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1955
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:1451
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:1579
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:1339
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:2031
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
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UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
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How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
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Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2760
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2745
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2882
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1377
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1680
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:4972
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:2753
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:1904
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:2236
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
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Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:1669
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
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“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:1536
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:1752
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:1464
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
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Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:1557
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:1400
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:3541
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
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SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
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Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
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SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
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P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
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Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
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Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
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Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
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Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
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Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
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Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2616
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3140
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2870
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3166
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1596
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1663
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3243
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:2554
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:3229
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2471
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2718
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2792
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2064
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:2180
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2229
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2848
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1747
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22 Jan 2019     Views:1620
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1512
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:6701
Quick Divorce in India...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1658
4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1830
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
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Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:3807
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
17 Jan 2019     Views:1598
Delhi HC Rejects AJL's Plea Against Centre's Order...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2597
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03 Jan 2019     Views:2289
SC Dismisses Petitions Seeking Probe Into Rafale D...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2687
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:3266
Why Lawyers Of West UP Are Compelled To Strike Fre...
20 Dec 2018     Views:1876
recheck...
19 Dec 2018     Views:2400
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots – Delhi HC Upholds Convicti...
12 Dec 2018     Views:2014
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:2308
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2439
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2495
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2355
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:4495
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
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Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
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Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1583
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1518
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
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Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1978
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2741
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2554
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:3827
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2869
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1752
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2818
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1995
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1772
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2302
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2138
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:2449
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26 Sep 2018     Views:3243
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18 Sep 2018     Views:4179
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Bombay HC Imposes Cost Of Rs 50K On Petitioner Fir...
17 Sep 2018     Views:1789
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1859
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1794
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
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SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:2289
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:3139
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1878
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2354
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2139
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:1811
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1958
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1963
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:2120
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2165
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:2130
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2441
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:2407
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1908
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:2001
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1871
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3248
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3239
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3090
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2359
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1701
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1647
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2204
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2176
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1940
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:4783
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3357
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2671
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2264
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1655
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
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Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
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Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1538
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:2715
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2133
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
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Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:3148
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2232
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
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Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1844
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:1594
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
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Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
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SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
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SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
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UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
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Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
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Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
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Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
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A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
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People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:1667
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1799
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1581
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
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How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1664
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2139
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1690
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1610
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:2995
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1584
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1847
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1589
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
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CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
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Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
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SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:2220
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
28 Dec 2017     Views:1548
RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DIRECTION FOR MANDATORY AADHA...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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Kerala teen surveillance case: Invasion of Privacy...
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