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  • AN UNDERSTANDING OF PRESIDENT’S RULE UNDER ART 356 and WHAT THE JUDICIARY CAN DO?

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AN UNDERSTANDING OF PRESIDENT’S RULE UNDER ART 356 and WHAT THE JUDICIARY CAN DO?

Courtesy/By: Anya Parikh  |  13 Nov 2019     Views:2532

It was barely 2 days ago that the Governor of the State of Maharashtra, Mr. Bhagat Singh Koshyari submitted his recommendation and Presidential rule was imposed in the State for the third time, in its 59 years of history. This comes after the parties of the State failed to prove a majority in the State Legislative Assembly.

 What does President’s Rule under Article 356(1) mean?

The mere words of the Article speak a lot of the principles of federalism adopted by our nation. Through the teachings of the American philosopher K.C Wheare, federalism essentially consists of three main essentials: Division of power amongst different levels, the existence of a general government at the central level and a regional government at the unitary levels and the fact that each of the units must be independent and coordinated, in terms of their powers, functions, and discharge of duties. 

While India is a deemed to be a federal country, in the case of State of Haryana v. State of Punjab and Anr [2002 AIR SC 303], the Supreme Court observed that India has for itself what can be termed as a “semi-federal system of Government” and the same has been derived and adopted from the Indian Constitution.

This form of President’s rule is a type of Emergency that is known as Emergency due to failure of Constitutional Machinery. It is one such circumstance where the principles of federalism fade away and the powers of the Central government of the country become more centralized. Such centralization of power is one of the ways our Constitution provided a mechanism for the adherence of its provisions to be kept in check. It is no doubt that the Constitution is the supreme governing legislation of the nation and it is necessary that every unit, though independent works under the same. And in case of failure to do so, there are consequences.

Now what happens generally in imposition of President’s rule under Art 356, is that the Governor of the respective State, when it is believed that the State can no longer function according to the provisions of the Constitution, sends a report to the President regarding the same. If on receipt of the report, the President is satisfied with the same, the under Art 356(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution the President may through the proclamation assume to himself all of the power of the that respective State Government.

These powers include all or any of the functions of the Government of the State or the powers that have been vested in Governor, or any other such authority, except for that of the State Legislature. Those are powers that are outside of the ambit of the President.

Under Art 356(1)(b), the President has the power to declare that all of the functions of the State Legislature shall be carried out by the and under the sole authority of the Parliament of the country. And under Art 356(1)(c), the President is given the power to make any such incidental and consequential provisions that appear to him/her to be necessary for achieving the desired objectives of the Proclamation, which includes the capacity of suspending the operation of certain provisions in the State which may relate to any authority or individual.

Keeping in mind the division of powers as provided by Montesquieu, nothing gives power to the President to assume to himself or any other such authority, the powers of the High Court of the State or suspend provisions regarding the same. Such a proviso ensures that a system of checks and balances is kept in place, and not all of the powers regulated by the Constitution are in the hands of the Central Executive.

A case that can be referred to understand the imposition of such a President’s rule better can be the case of State of Rajasthan v. Union of India, [(1977) 3 SCC 592]. A backstory into understanding the case better would be when the elections were held in the March of 1977, BJP secured what some may call an overwhelming majority in the House of the People i.e. Lok Sabha. Yet, the NCP was continuing to be power in several States. Keeping in mind the rejection of the Congress Party at the central level, the then Union Minister, addressed 9 particular states in a letter – Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana. Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, West Bengal and Haryana, asking them to advise each of their respective Governors to dissolve their Legislative Assemblies and gather the choice of the people again. The state of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh filed a suit against the Union contesting the same, and praying for essentially 2 things – firstly, that the letter of the Union Home Minister in itself was illegal and secondly, an interim injunction restraining the Central Government from resorting to the implementation and proclamation of Art. 356 in the State.

Regarding the same, Justice Fazal Ali put forward that the exercise of Article 356 by the President of India is a matter of political nature and it is wholly dependent on the advice received by the President from the Council of Ministers. They are the best judges of the same and if after an overall assessment of all of the factors and the situation, the Council of Ministers in their political wisdom, tender a certain advice to the President, then the Courts have no authority to enter into such an arena and it lies beyond judicial scrutiny.

Thus, in this case, it can be noticed that regarding the aspects and basis of the satisfaction of the President with regards to the implementation of President’s Rule, the Judiciary by itself took a backseat and observed the same to be outside of the capacity of the organ. 

Next, let us look at the case of S.R Bommai v. Union of India, [(1994) 3 SCC 1], which played a major role in the case mentioned above. The facts of the case are as follows, the Governor of the state of Karnataka submitted a report to the President that there were several instances of difference of opinion as well as defections in and from the existing ruling party. The Governor also put forward that the then Chief Minister of the State, S.R Bommai had failed to call in for the formation of a majority in the State’s Legislative Assembly, which was inappropriate and not in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, and thus the State needed to be brought under the President’s rule. The Chief Minister and Law Minister met on the respective day to summon the State Assembly to prove the requisite confidence prevailing in his government. The same was forwarded to the President of the country. On the same day, the Governor sent a report to the President informing the same that the CM of the State had lost the confidence of the majority in the House, and requested a proclamation under Art. 356 to impose President’s rule, the same of which was eventually granted.

This judgement played a vital role in clearing up doubts regarding the judiciary’s role in proclamations made under Art.356 by the President. The Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the satisfaction of the President in declaring emergency under Art.356 is outside the scope of judicial review and cannot be brought under the same. Nevertheless, the grounds upon which such satisfaction is achieved can very well be brought under the purview of judicial review, if it is determined that the same has been obtained under malafide or illegal means or has been obtained through the abuse or fraud of power along with if the grounds are found to be irrelevant or irrational. And the High Court of that respective state along with the Supreme Court has the power to strike down the proclamation if made on the following basis. This case is also known for laying down several guiding principles regarding State Emergency with respect to the State Legislatures and other proper grounds upon which such emergency can be declared.

Finally, let us take a look at another case, Rameshwar Prasad and Others v. Union of India [AIR 2006 SC 980]. In this case, the dissolution of the state legislative Assembly of the State of Bihar was ordered even before its commencement through its first meeting for it was anticipated that several attempts were being made to form a majority through illegal means. The constitutional validity of the same was challenged and a petition was brought forward to the Apex Court.

Regarding the same, the Hon’ble Supreme Court observed that the notification ordering such dissolution was unconstitutional. And that the Governor had clearly and misled the Council of Ministers at the Union level which ultimately led to said proclamation being made by the President. 

In this case, it can be noticed that the Supreme Court kept in mind the judgment delivered in the case of S.R Bommai, and emphasized, that though the satisfaction of the President is outside the capacity of the Judiciary, the basis for the proclamation and the grounds on which such satisfaction is gained has the capability of being judicially reviews. And as had occurred in this case, it was analyzed by the Court and declared to be unjust and unconstitutional.

What we see is that the Judiciary in itself understands its powers and the boundaries within which such power lies. With regards to the implementation of State Emergency, the Judiciary does hold the power to interfere with the grounds or basis for such declaration is unconstitutional.

Declaration of such State Emergencies is not new. It has happened before and has been questioned before. The same stands for Maharashtra. The implementation of Art. 356 may be questioned shortly, and may also be revoked if determined to be baseless and unjust. But only time will tell, with less than a week having passed, it is too little time to determine what the Hon’ble Apex Court will observe if approached.

 


Courtesy/By: Anya Parikh  |  13 Nov 2019     Views:2532

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ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:658
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:656
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:783
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:577
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:564
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:668
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1026
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1242
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:660
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:707
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:589
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:1017
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
03 Jul 2019     Views:572
UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
02 Jul 2019     Views:804
How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
01 Jul 2019     Views:1244
Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1466
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1348
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1564
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:645
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:680
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:1979
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:1613
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:965
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:1321
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
20 May 2019     Views:4129
Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:707
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
20 May 2019     Views:6199
“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:712
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:651
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:714
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
20 May 2019     Views:1923
Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:692
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:687
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:2238
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
04 Apr 2019     Views:2747
SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
04 Apr 2019     Views:3672
Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
04 Apr 2019     Views:4263
SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
04 Apr 2019     Views:905
P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
04 Apr 2019     Views:772
Death Sentence Can Be Imposed Only When Life Impri...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1353
Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1336
Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1423
Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1339
Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
19 Mar 2019     Views:755
Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1045
Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1656
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1935
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1759
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2020
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:795
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:818
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1808
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:1529
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:2229
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1426
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1603
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1821
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:1111
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:1282
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1382
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1749
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:876
Can a Economic offender can escape by surrendering...
22 Jan 2019     Views:750
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:712
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:3219
Quick Divorce in India...
21 Jan 2019     Views:770
4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:866
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
21 Jan 2019     Views:9388
Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:2184
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
17 Jan 2019     Views:788
Delhi HC Rejects AJL's Plea Against Centre's Order...
03 Jan 2019     Views:1536
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Delhi HC Awards Life Term To...
03 Jan 2019     Views:1396
SC Dismisses Petitions Seeking Probe Into Rafale D...
20 Dec 2018     Views:1652
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2031
Why Lawyers Of West UP Are Compelled To Strike Fre...
20 Dec 2018     Views:993
recheck...
19 Dec 2018     Views:1049
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots – Delhi HC Upholds Convicti...
12 Dec 2018     Views:1157
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:1205
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1449
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1510
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1372
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1270
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
26 Nov 2018     Views:799
Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
26 Nov 2018     Views:719
Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:775
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:717
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1286
Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:994
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:1677
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:1617
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2785
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1955
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:950
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1578
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1133
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:745
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1247
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:732
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:1524
Reputation Of An Individual Is An Insegregable Fac...
26 Sep 2018     Views:1949
Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settleme...
18 Sep 2018     Views:3082
Punjab & Haryana HC Orders Rape Convict, Mother To...
17 Sep 2018     Views:1709
Bombay HC Imposes Cost Of Rs 50K On Petitioner Fir...
17 Sep 2018     Views:995
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1103
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1047
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1144
SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:1301
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:1921
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1009
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1595
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1205
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:961
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1027
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1040
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1196
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:1145
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:1066
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:1388
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1388
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1103
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:972
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1062
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2181
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1970
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2157
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1534
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:897
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:842
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1036
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:943
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1064
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3097
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1797
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1666
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1374
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:807
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
05 Jul 2018     Views:747
Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:770
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:838
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:1214
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:1263
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
11 Jun 2018     Views:1464
Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:1843
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:1397
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
06 Jun 2018     Views:1517
Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:991
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:840
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:841
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
01 Jun 2018     Views:2242
SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
01 Jun 2018     Views:805
SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1512
UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
01 Jun 2018     Views:768
Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
01 Jun 2018     Views:844
Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
01 Jun 2018     Views:875
Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
01 Jun 2018     Views:958
A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1022
People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
01 Jun 2018     Views:809
Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:843
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:883
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:751
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:751
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:823
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:1053
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:821
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:783
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1752
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:835
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:784
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:747
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
10 Feb 2018     Views:760
CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1301
Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
10 Feb 2018     Views:841
SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
10 Feb 2018     Views:833
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
07 Feb 2018     Views:738
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
04 Feb 2018     Views:1108
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:1332
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EXISTING POLICE SYSTEM...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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UIDAI suspends Airtel, Airtel Payments and Banks e...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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Kerala teen surveillance case: Invasion of Privacy...
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Motherhood or Employment- the judicial perspective...
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