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  • Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In All Cases Be Corroborated : SC

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Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In All Cases Be Corroborated : SC

Courtesy/By: SANJEEV SIROHI  |  23 Oct 2018     Views:2017

To begin with, in a latest landmark judgment with far reaching consequences, the Apex Court Bench comprising of Justice R Banumathi and Justice Indira Banerjee in Ram Lal vs. State of Himachal Pradesh in Criminal Appeal No. 576 of 2010 with Criminal Appeal No. 577 of 2010, Criminal Appeal No. 578 of 2010 on October 3, 2018 minced no words in stating it clearly and convincingly that, “If the court is satisfied that if the confession is voluntary, the conviction can be based upon the same. Rule of prudence does not require that each and every circumstance mentioned in the confession must be separately and independently corroborated.” Absolutely right! There can be no denying it!

                                      At the outset, this landmark judgment begins by first and foremost pointing out that, “These appeals arise out of the judgment dated 22.12.2008 passed by the High Court of Himachal Pradesh at Shimla in Criminal Appeal Nos. 710-712 of 2000 in and by which the High Court affirmed the judgment passed by the trial court thereby affirming the conviction of the appellant under Section 13(1)(C) read with Section 13(2) of Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and under Sections 409 and 477-A IPC and the sentence of imprisonment imposed upon him.”

                               To recapitulate, para 2 of this landmark judgment points out that, “Briefly stated case of the prosecution is that accused was employed as a Peon in the United Commercial Bank in January 1987. He was assigned the job of the Clerk as there was a shortage of clerical staff in the bank and his job was of manning Saving Bank accounts counter. His job was to receive money from the account holders for deposit in Saving Bank accounts. He used to make entries in their pass books in his own hand but would not account money in the account banks of the bank nor did he pass it to the cashier. It is alleged that neither the appellant filled the pay-in-slips nor was any deposit made in the scroll, daily case receipt book and the cash payment book maintained by the cashier and he used to pocket that money. When the depositors approached him for withdrawals of money, he would make fake credit entries in the ledger accounts and fill in the withdrawal slips and submit the same to the officer concerned for payment. The Passing Officer misled by the fake credit entry would allow the withdrawals. This way, the appellant caused wrongful loss to the Bank to the tune of Rs 38,500/- during the year 1994. When the fraud came to light, a Committee of two officers namely, R.C. Chhabra (PW-3) and M.P. Sethi was deputed to hold a preliminary enquiry and the Committee noticed bungling of accounts by the appellant. After that, Enquiry Committee recommended thorough investigation in the matter. After the preliminary enquiry, FIR was registered against the appellant under Sections 409, 468, 471, 477-A IPC and under Section 13(1)(C) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PC Act, 1988). After investigation, the appellant was charge sheeted for the said offences.”

                           Having said this, the Court then observes in para 3 that, “To prove the guilt of the accused, prosecution has examined thirteen witnesses and produced documentary evidence. Upon consideration of the oral and documentary evidence, the trial court held that the appellant in his capacity as a public servant, had misappropriated the money entrusted to him, in discharge of his duty, as a public servant. The trial court convicted him for the offences under Section 13(1)(c) read with Section 13(2) of the PC Act, 1988 and Section 477-A IPC for falsification of accounts with intent to defraud the Bank and he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years along with a fine of Rs 5,000/. For the offence under Section 409 IPC, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of five years with a fine of Rs 5,000/- and all the sentences were directed to run concurrently. The appellant was, however, acquitted for the offences under Sections 468 and 471 IPC for the charge of forgery by holding that the opinion expert is not precise. Being aggrieved by the conviction, the appellant preferred the appeal before the High Court which was dismissed by the impugned judgment.”

                                   Be it noted, para 4 while putting forward the contention of the appellant points out that, “Learned counsel for the appellant contended that the appellant was working as Peon in the bank and as per bank rules, no clerical job can be assigned to Peon/sub-staff which was admitted by the officers of the bank viz. Prem Chand (PW-1), R.K. Soni (PW-2), R.C. Chhabra (PW-3) and A.K. Gupta (PW-10). It was contended that when any particular job is assigned to an employee different from his duty, then the Manager is supposed to issue office order/duty sheet whereas in the present case, no office order/duty sheet was placed on record to establish that the appellant was assigned the clerical job as alleged. The appellant mainly assails the confessional statement contending that he did not voluntarily make any confession statement and the confessional statement could not have been made the basis for conviction.”

                                 As it turned out, the Apex Court in para 5 while putting forward the contention of the State brought out that, “Learned counsel for the State contended that the appellant acted with dishonest intention to defraud the Bank by making false credit and debit entries in the accounts of various account holders thereby falsifying the account books of the Bank and the courts below rightly convicted the appellant for defrauding the Bank and the impugned judgment warrants no interference.”

                                  Truth be told, it is revealed in para 10 about the confessional statement that, “After the preliminary enquiry was conducted, the Divisional Office nominated two senior officers namely, R.K. Soni (PW-2) and H.O. Aggarwal, who submitted the report consisting of 202 pages, which has been made part of the investigation report, Ex-PW-2/A. R.K. Soni (PW-2) deposed in his evidence that the writings at pages (143) and (144) of report Ex-PW-2/A, was prepared by the appellant-accused voluntarily in his own handwriting, in his presence and in the presence of his co-investigator H.O. Aggarwal and the appellant-accused admitted having received money from various account holders, for being deposited in their Saving Bank accounts and having made entries in their pass books. In his confession statement, the appellant also admitted that he did not account for the money, but misappropriated the same and that when the account holder visited the bank for the withdrawal of the money, he used to make fake credit entries in the ledger folio of their accounts and on the basis of those fake entries, withdrawals used to be made.”

                                   Needless to say, in para 13, it was observed that, “Extra-judicial confession is a weak piece of evidence and the court must ensure that the same inspires confidence and is corroborated by other prosecution evidence. In order to accept extra-judicial confession, it must be voluntary and must inspire confidence. If the court is satisfied that the extra-judicial confession is voluntary, it can be acted upon to base the conviction. Considering the admissibility and evidentiary value of extra-judicial confession, after referring to various judgments, in Sahadevan and Another v. State of Tamil Nadu (2012) 6 SCC 403, this Court held as under:-

   “15.1. In Balwinder Singh v State of Punjab 1995 Supp (4) SCC 259 this Court stated the principle that:

      “10. An extra-judicial confession by its very nature is rather a weak type of evidence and requires appreciation with a great deal of care and caution. Where an extra-judicial confession is surrounded by suspicious circumstances, its credibility becomes doubtful and it loses its importance.”

   15.4 While explaining the dimensions of the principles governing the admissibility and evidentiary value of an extra-judicial confession, this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram (2003) 8 SCC 180 stated the principle that:

   “19. An extra-judicial confession, if voluntary and true and made in a fit state of mind, can be relied upon by the court. The confession will have to be proved like any other fact. The value of the evidence as to confession, like any other evidence, depends upon the veracity of the witness to whom it has been made.”

  The Court further expressed the view that:

   “19 …Such a confession can be relied upon and conviction can be founded thereon if the evidence about the confession comes from the mouth of witnesses who appear to be unbiased, not even remotely inimical to the accused, and in respect of whom nothing is brought out which may tend to indicate that he may have a motive of attributing an untruthful statement to the accused….”

    15.6 Accepting the admissibility of the extra-judicial confession, the Court in Sansar Chand v. State of Rajasthan (2010) 10 SCC 604 held that:

    “29. There is no absolute rule that an extra-judicial confession can never be the basis of a conviction, although ordinarily an extra-judicial confession should be corroborated by some other material. [Vide Thimma and Thimma Raju v. State of Mysore (1970) 2 SCC 105, Mulk Raj v State of U.P. AIR 1959 SC 902, Sivakumar v. State By Inspector of Police (2006) 1 SCC 714 (SCC paras 40 and 41: AIR paras 41 and 42), Shiva Karam Payaswami Tewari v. State of Maharashtra (2009) 11 SCC 262 and Mohd. Azad alias Shamin v. State of W.B. (2008) 15 SCC 449).”  

                                        To put things in perspective, the Apex Court Bench then held in para 14 conclusively and convincingly that, “It is well settled that conviction can be based on a voluntarily confession but the rule of prudence requires that wherever possible it should be corroborated by independent evidence. Extra-judicial confession of accused need not in all cases be corroborated. In Madan Gopal Kakkad v. Naval Dubey and Another (1992)  3 SCC 204, this court after referring to Piara Singh and Others v. State of Punjab (1977) 4 SCC 452 held that the law does not require that the evidence of an extra-judicial confession should in all cases be corroborated. The rule of prudence does not require that each and every circumstance mentioned in the confession must be separately and independently corroborated.”   

                                Going forward, it is then further held in para 15 that, “As discussed above, if the court is satisfied that if the confession is voluntary, the conviction can be based upon the same. Rule of Prudence does not require that each and every circumstance mentioned in the confession with regard to the participation of the accused must be separately and independently corroborated. In the case at hand, as pointed out by the trial court as well as by the High Court, R.K. Soni (PW-2) and R.C. Chhabra (PW-3) were the senior officers of the bank and when they reached the bank for inspection on 23.04.1994, the accused submitted his confessional statement (Ex.-PW-2/A). Likewise, in the enquiry conducted by R.C. Chhabra (PW-3), the accused had given confession statement (Ex-PW-3/A).”

                    Not stopping here, it is then held in para 16 that, “Contention of the appellant is that PWs 2 and 3 being the higher officials, it cannot be said that the confession statement of the accused has been made voluntarily and it must have been under the inducement or under false promise of favour. Mere allegation of threat or inducement is not enough; in the court’s opinion, such inducement must be sufficient to cause a reasonable belief in the mind of the accused that by so confessing, he would get an advantage. As pointed out by the trial court and the High Court, though the confession statement has been initially made in the presence of R.C. Chhabra (PW-3) and M.P. Sethi by the appellant, no question was put to R.C. Chhabra (PW-3) that extra-judicial confession (Ex-PW3/A) was an outcome of any threat, inducement or allurement. The statement which runs to eleven sheets has been held to be made by the appellant voluntarily. Likewise, confession statement (Ex-PW-2/A) was in the handwriting of the appellant made in the presence of R.K. Soni (PW-2) and H.O. Agrawal, the then Assistant Chief Officer (Inspection). Here again, it was not suggested to R.K. Soni (PW-2) that Ex-PW-2/A was outcome of some threat or pressure. The trial court as well as the High Court concurrently held that the confession statements (Ex-PW-3/A and PW-2/A) were voluntarily made and that the same can form the basis for conviction. We do not find any good ground warranting interference with the said concurrent findings.”

          What does all this adds up to? It clearly vindicates what the trial court as well as the High Court held concurrently that the confession statements were voluntarily made and this can form the basis for conviction. Regarding conviction, it was clarified in para 17 that, “In so far as the conviction under Section 13(1)(c) read with Section 13(2) of PC Act, 1988, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. For conviction under Section 477-A IPC, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. For conviction under Section 409 IPC, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years. The occurrence was of the year 1992-94. Considering the passage of time and the facts and circumstances of the case, the sentence of imprisonment imposed on the appellant is reduced to three years.”

                                                 Finally and most importantly, it is then held in the concluding para 18 of this landmark judgment that, “In the result, the conviction of the appellant under Section 13(1)(c) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and sentence of imprisonment of two years is confirmed. The conviction under Sections 477-A and 409 IPC is confirmed and the sentence of imprisonment under Section 409 IPC is reduced to three years. These appeals are accordingly partly allowed. The appellant shall surrender himself within four weeks from today to serve the remaining sentence, failing which the appellant shall be taken into custody.”  

                                       In conclusion, this landmark ruling explicitly states that, “Extra-judicial confession of accused need not in all cases be corroborated.” Conviction of an accused can be based even on uncorroborated extra-judicial confession if it inspires confidence. This is exactly what we see here also in this landmark case! All courts must abide by this landmark ruling and should ensure that conviction of an accused is not rejected just because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated extra-judicial confession of the accused!


Courtesy/By: SANJEEV SIROHI  |  23 Oct 2018     Views:2017

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Integration Of J&K With India Is Now Full And Fina...
20 Aug 2019     Views:2493
Second Appeal Not To Be Dismissed Merely On The Gr...
18 Aug 2019     Views:1541
Judge Can Recuse From A Case At His Own Volition, ...
17 Aug 2019     Views:1650
Don't politicize demolition of temples: SC...
16 Aug 2019     Views:5064
Madras Christian College - female students sexuall...
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Charged for employing triple talaq...
16 Aug 2019     Views:2388
Earlier Convicted now Acquitted - Lack of Conclusi...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2336
MACAD Scheme to be enforced in Tamil Nadu - 1st Oc...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2242
Filing Of Criminal Complaint For Settling Civil Di...
15 Aug 2019     Views:1677
End Discrimination: Equalize legal age of Marriage...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1533
Madras HC issues directions upon Officers to check...
14 Aug 2019     Views:2066
BOMBAY HC to Civic Bodies: "Own up to your respons...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1560
Infringement of Registered TM "Vistara" - Threat t...
13 Aug 2019     Views:2147
US Citizen approaches Bombay High Court After Bein...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1762
Normalcy need not be restored in J&K instantly : S...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1671
Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1664
Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1488
Madras HC upholds the appointment notification of ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1591
Plea against E-pharmacies struck down by Bombay HC...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1598
Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1559
No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1700
Delhi HC: Plant 50 Trees, Quash Criminal Proceedin...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1533
Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1777
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1542
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1527
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1477
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2183
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1641
Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1550
Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1568
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1974
Delhi HC: Simple language to be incorporated in FI...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1884
THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA ASKED THE GOVERNMENT T...
08 Aug 2019     Views:1417
Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
08 Aug 2019     Views:3020
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1834
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1734
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1543
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1604
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1784
Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1708
History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1769
No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1738
Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1958
Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1529
Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1834
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
04 Aug 2019     Views:1735
THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1809
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1517
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1437
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
03 Aug 2019     Views:2092
Bombay High Court Hears Dowry Case Involving A Civ...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1843
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2108
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1633
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1489
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1525
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5795
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:2363
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1549
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1582
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1809
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1507
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:1538
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1453
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1824
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1977
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:1471
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:1593
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:1362
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:2053
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
03 Jul 2019     Views:1419
UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
02 Jul 2019     Views:1605
How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
01 Jul 2019     Views:2452
Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2793
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2777
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2915
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1402
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1697
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:5070
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:2775
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:1926
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:2265
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
20 May 2019     Views:5744
Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:1692
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
20 May 2019     Views:9067
“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:1563
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:1771
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:1484
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
20 May 2019     Views:3226
Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:1582
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:1419
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:3563
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
04 Apr 2019     Views:4394
SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
04 Apr 2019     Views:8331
Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
04 Apr 2019     Views:6720
SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1832
P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1614
Death Sentence Can Be Imposed Only When Life Impri...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2165
Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2326
Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2424
Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2452
Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1463
Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1920
Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2637
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3156
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2888
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3187
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1618
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1682
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3277
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:2594
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:3254
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2495
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2743
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2819
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2091
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:2204
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2249
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2864
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1775
Can a Economic offender can escape by surrendering...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1639
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1531
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:6742
Quick Divorce in India...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1674
4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1856
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
21 Jan 2019     Views:12071
Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:3853
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
17 Jan 2019     Views:1616
Delhi HC Rejects AJL's Plea Against Centre's Order...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2624
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Delhi HC Awards Life Term To...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2310
SC Dismisses Petitions Seeking Probe Into Rafale D...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2707
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:3288
Why Lawyers Of West UP Are Compelled To Strike Fre...
20 Dec 2018     Views:1895
recheck...
19 Dec 2018     Views:2419
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots – Delhi HC Upholds Convicti...
12 Dec 2018     Views:2029
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:2323
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2464
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2519
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2380
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:4639
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1625
Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1748
Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1603
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1541
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
26 Nov 2018     Views:3179
Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1999
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2764
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2572
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:3843
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2886
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1770
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2849
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2017
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1792
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2330
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2155
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:2467
Reputation Of An Individual Is An Insegregable Fac...
26 Sep 2018     Views:3277
Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settleme...
18 Sep 2018     Views:4206
Punjab & Haryana HC Orders Rape Convict, Mother To...
17 Sep 2018     Views:2543
Bombay HC Imposes Cost Of Rs 50K On Petitioner Fir...
17 Sep 2018     Views:1812
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1880
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1810
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1990
SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:2336
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:3165
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1900
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2370
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2166
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:1825
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1990
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1987
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:2134
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2180
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:2147
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2463
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:2431
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1922
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:2022
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1894
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3270
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3260
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3108
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2385
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1720
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1662
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2225
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2216
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1964
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:4822
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3384
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2695
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2291
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1676
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1571
Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1731
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1556
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:2739
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2155
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2568
Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:3168
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2255
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2331
Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1862
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:1610
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1771
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
01 Jun 2018     Views:3580
SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1606
SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
01 Jun 2018     Views:3021
UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1543
Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1908
Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1793
Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1964
A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
01 Jun 2018     Views:2152
People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
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Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:1683
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1820
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1599
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1550
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1683
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2165
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1711
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1627
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:3020
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1605
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1860
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1607
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1627
CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
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Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
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SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:2237
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
28 Dec 2017     Views:1564
RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EXISTING POLICE SYSTEM...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DIRECTION FOR MANDATORY AADHA...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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UIDAI suspends Airtel, Airtel Payments and Banks e...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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Kerala teen surveillance case: Invasion of Privacy...
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Motherhood or Employment- the judicial perspective...
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