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  • SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynching

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SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynching

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  23 Jul 2018     Views:3239

It must be stated right at the outset that in a landmark judgment with far reaching consequences, the Supreme Court 3 Judge Bench in Tehseen S Poonawalla v Union of India and others in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 754 of 2016 dated July 17, 2018 comprising of CJI Dipak Misra, Justice AM Khanwilkar and Justice Dr DY Chandrachud recommended that the Parliament may create a special law against lynching, asserting that “fear of law and veneration for the command of law constitute the foundation of a civilized society”. We all have seen that in the last few years there has been a sharp hike in the incidents of mob lynching based on rumours and speculations which many times are completely baseless! Those who indulge in mob lynching cannot be allowed to get away under the garb of “mob getting angry” over cow killing or any other cause and must be made to pay the price for their dastardly acts by ensuring that they are either hanged or made to spend their whole life behind bars!

                                      As it turned out, the Bench right at the very beginning in its landmark order made its intentions clear on citizens taking law in their own hands by holding clearly and categorically that, “Law enacted for the benefit of the society by conferring rights on the citizens and to regulate social behaviour in many a sphere, is required to be implemented by the law enforcing agencies and the citizens are duty bound to follow the law treating it as sacred. Law has to be regarded as the foundation of a civilized society. The primary goal of law is to have an orderly society where the citizenry dreams for change and progress is realized and the individual aspiration finds space for expression of his/her potential. In such an atmosphere while every citizen is entitled to enjoy the rights and interest bestowed under the constitutional and statutory law, he is also obligated to remain obeisant to the command of law. It has been stated in Krishnamoorthy v Sivakumar and others (2015) 3 SCC 467, “the law, the mightiest sovereign in a civilized country”. The majesty of law cannot be sullied simply because an individual or a group generate the attitude that they have been empowered by the principles set out in law to take its enforcement into their own hands and gradually become law unto themselves and punish the violator on their own assumption and in the manner in which they deem fit. They forget that the administration of law is conferred on the law enforcing agencies and no one is allowed to take law into his own hands on the fancy of his “shallow spirit of judgment”. Just as one is entitled to fight for his rights in law, the other is entitled to be treated as innocent till he is found guilty after a fair trial. No act of a citizen is to be adjudged by any kind of community under the guise of protectors of law. It is the seminal requirement of law that an accused is booked under law and is dealt with in accordance with the procedure without any obstruction so that substantive justice is done. No individual in his own capacity or as a part of a group, which within no time assumes the character of a mob, can take law into his/their hands and deal with a person treating him as guilty. That is not only contrary to the paradigm of established legal principles in our legal system but also inconceivable in a civilized society that respects the fundamental tenets of the rule of law. And, needless to say, such ideas and conceptions not only create a dent in the majesty of law but are also absolutely obnoxious.”    

                                      It would be pertinent to mention here that the petitioner who is a social activist has preferred this writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution for commanding the respondent-State Nos. 3 to 8 which includes Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Gujarat and Rajasthan to take immediate and necessary action against the cow protection groups indulging in violence; and further to issue a writ or direction to remove the violent contents from the social media uploaded and hosted by the said groups. Mr Sanjay R Hegde who as learned senior counsel appeared for the petitioner in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 754 of 2016 submitted that no individual or vigilante group can engage himself/themselves in an activity of lynching solely on the basis of a perception that a crime has been committed. He also submits “That apart, the supremacy of law has to be recognized and if a law prescribes a punishment for a crime, it has the mechanism provided under the law to do so. The procedural and the substantial safeguards are required to be followed.” He urged with all the emphasis at his command that lynching or any kind of mob violence has to be curbed and crippled by the executive and no excuse can ever be tolerated. Stress is laid on prevention, remedial and punitive measures by him. In this regard, he has placed reliance on a recent judgment rendered in Shakti Vahini v Union of India & others 2018 (5) SCALE 51.

                                  Going forward, it must also be mentioned here that Ms Indira Jaisingh who is learned senior counsel for the petitioner in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 732 of 2017 made her own submissions. She has referred to Martin Luther King Jr. wherein he had said that law may not be able to make a man love him, but it can keep the man from lynching him. She submits that there has been a constant increase in the number of incidents in recent years as a consequence of which citizens belonging to minority communities have become victims of targeted violence which mainly originate on suspicion and at times misinformation that the victims were involved in illegal cattle trade and such other activities. It must be added here that she also referred to certain specific incidents of lynching. It is additionally argued by her that the Central Government be directed to intervene in exercise of the power conferred under Articles 256 and 257 of the Constitution to issue directions to the State Governments. Her point is valid!

                                  Moving ahead, she further urges that in the recent past, self-proclaimed and self-styled vigilantes have brazenly taken law into themselves and have targeted citizens belonging to certain communities and lower strata of the society which cannot be tolerated and it is the obligation of the Union and the States to take immediate action warranted in law to stop such activities. There can be no denying or disputing it! She has further submitted that there have been many an incident of lynching mostly by vigilante groups across the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi. It is her stringent stand that action is required to be taken against the perpetrators when approached by the family members of the victim.

                                      Apart from this, she has canvassed that it is the foremost duty of the Central and the State Governments to ensure that the members of the minorities are not targeted by mob violence and vigilante groups. She also contends that if the illegal actions of these lynchers are not totally curbed, there would be absolute chaos where any private individual can take law into his own hands for the enforcement of criminal law in accordance with his own judgment. What wrong has she said? Nothing wrong!

                                    Now coming to what the Supreme Court ruled after listening to submissions made from both sides. We shall discuss one by one on what all the Apex Court ruled. They are as follows: -

             On the State’s duty to maintain law and order

                                     At the outset itself, the Court asserted that it is the State’s duty to prevent any sort of mob vigilantism, observing, “The States have the onerous duty to see that no individual or any core group take law into their own hands. Every citizen has the right to intimate the police about the infraction of law. There cannot be an investigation, trial and punishment of any nature on the streets. The process of adjudication takes place within the hallowed precincts of the courts of justice and not on the streets. No one has the right to become the guardian of law claiming that he has to protect the law by any means. It is the duty of the States, as has been stated in Nandini Sundar and others v State of Chhattisgarh [2011] 7 SCC 547, to strive, incessantly and consistently, to promote fraternity amongst all citizens so that the dignity of every citizen is protected, nourished and promoted. That apart, it is the responsibility of the States to prevent untoward incidents and to prevent crime.”

                                               Furthermore, in Mohd. Haroon and others v. Union of India and another [2014] 5 SCC 252, it has been held that it is the responsibility of the State Administration in association with the intelligence agencies of both the State and the Centre to prevent recurrence of communal violence in any part of the State. If any officer responsible for maintaining law and order is found negligent, he/she should be brought within the ambit of law. No guilty officer should be spared.

                                Also, the Apex Court observed that, “There can be no shadow of doubt that the authorities which are conferred with the responsibility to maintain law and order in the States have the principal obligation to see that vigilantism, be it cow vigilantism or any other vigilantism of any perception, does not take place. When any core group with some kind of idea take the law into their own hands, it ushers in anarchy, chaos, disorder and, eventually, there is an emergence of a violent society. Vigilantism cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be given room to take shape, for it is absolutely a perverse notion. We may note here that certain applications for intervention and written notes have been filed in this regard supporting the same on the basis that there is cattle smuggling and cruel treatment to animals. In this context, suffice it to say that it is the law enforcing agencies which have to survey, prevent and prosecute. No one has the authority to enter into the said field and harbour the feeling that he is the law and the punisher himself. A country where the rule of law prevails, does not allow any such thought. It, in fact, commands for ostracisation of such thoughts with immediacy.”

           On growing mob vigilantism

                                 Truth be told, the Court made some stern and damning observations on the growing mob vigilantism and asserted that such extrajudicial attempts under the guise of protection of law would have to be nipped in the bud, “lest it would lead to rise of anarchy and lawlessness which would plague and corrode the nation like an epidemic.” It held that, “Lynching is an affront to the rule of law and to the exalted values of the Constitution itself. We may say without any fear of contradiction that lynching by unruly mobs and barbaric violence arising out of incitement and instigation cannot be allowed to become the order of the day. Such vigilantism, be it for whatever purpose or borne out of whatever cause, has the effect of undermining the legal and formal institutions of the State and altering the constitutional order.” It, therefore, highlighted the dire need for State intervention in protecting its citizens from “unruly elements and perpetrators of orchestrated lynching and vigilantism with utmost sincerity and true commitment to address and curb such incidents which must reflect in its actions and schemes”.

            Reference to American authorities

                               Be it noted, the Court also referred to rulings by the American Courts which have dealt with lynching, which at one point of time, was rampant in the American society. The Court noted that the American Courts had deplored this menace and had dealt with it with iron hands so as to eradicate the same. It then observed, “Thus, the decisions of this Court, as well as the authorities from other jurisdictions, clearly show that every citizen has to abide by the law and the law never confers the power on a citizen to become the law unto himself or take law into his hands. The idea is absolutely despicable, the thought is utterly detestable and the action is obnoxious and completely hellish. It is nauseatingly perverse.”

                     On rising intolerance

                           Truly speaking, the Bench highlighted the importance of plurality and tolerance as the building blocks of a truly free and democratic society and the need for preserving the same. It said in no uncertain terms that, “It must be emphatically stated that a dynamic contemporary constitutional democracy imbibes the essential features of accommodating pluralism in thought and approach so as to preserve cohesiveness and unity. Intolerance arising out of a dogmatic mindset sows the seeds of upheaval and has a chilling effect on freedom of thought and expression. Hence, tolerance has to be fostered and practiced and not allowed to be diluted in any manner.”

                                     Having said this, it must now be brought out here that the Apex Court then issued some guidelines to be followed. It also listed the matter on 20 August for further hearing. Those guidelines are as follows: -

A.                Preventive Measures

(i)                         The State Governments shall designate a senior police officer, not below the rank of Superintendent of Police, as Nodal Officer in each district. Such Nodal Officer shall be assisted by one of the DSP rank officers in the district for taking measure to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching. They shall constitute a special task force so as to procure intelligence reports about the people who are likely to commit such crimes or who are involved in spreading hate speeches, provocative statements and fake news.  

(ii)                      The State Governments shall forthwith identify Districts, Sub-Divisions and/or Villages where instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past, say, in the last five years. The process of identification should be done within a period of three weeks from the date of this judgment, as such time period is sufficient to get the task done in today’s fast world of data collection.

(iii)                   The Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall issue directives/advisories to the Nodal Officers of the concerned districts for ensuring that the Officer In-charge of the Police Stations of the identified areas are extra cautious if any instance of mob violence within their jurisdiction comes to their notice.

(iv)                   The Nodal Officer, so designated, shall hold regular meetings (at least once a month) with the local intelligence units in the district along with all Station House Officers of the district so as to identify the existence of the tendencies of vigilantism, mob violence or lynching in the district and take steps to prohibit instances of dissemination of offensive material through different social media platforms or any other means for inciting such tendencies. The Nodal Officer shall also make efforts to eradicate hostile environment against any community or caste which is targeted in such incidents.

(v)                      The Director General of Police/the Secretary, Home Department of the concerned States shall take regular review meetings (at least once a quarter) with all the Nodal Officers and State Police Intelligence heads. The Nodal Officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues at the State level.

(vi)                   It shall be the duty of every police officer to cause a mob to disperse, by exercising his power under Section 129 of CrPC, which , in his opinion, has a tendency to cause violence or wreak the havoc of lynching in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.

(vii)                The Home Department of the Government of India must take initiative and work in coordination with  the State Governments for sensitising the law enforcement agencies and by involving all the stakeholders to identify the measures for prevention of mob violence and lynching against any caste or community and to implement the constitutional goal of social justice and the Rule of Law.

(viii)             The Director General of Police shall issue a circular to the Superintendents of Police with regard to police patrolling in the sensitive areas keeping in view the incidents of the past and the intelligence obtained by the office of the Director-General. It singularly means that there should be seriousness in patrolling so that the anti-social elements involved in such crimes are discouraged and remain within the boundaries of law thus fearing to even think of taking the law into their own hands.

(ix)                   The Central and the State Governments should broadcast on radio and television and other media platforms including the official websites of the Home Department and Police of the States that lynching and mob violence of any kind shall invite serious consequence under the law.

(x)                      It shall be the duty of the Central Government as well as the State Governments to take steps to curb and stop dissemination of irresponsible and explosive messages, videos and other material on various social media platforms which have a tendency to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.

(xi)                   The police shall cause to register FIR under Section 153A of IPC and/or other relevant provisions of law against persons who disseminate irresponsible and explosive messages and videos having content which is likely to incite mob violence and lynching of any kind.

(xii)                The Central Government shall also issue appropriate directions/advisories to the State Governments which would reflect the gravity and seriousness of the situation and the measures to be taken.

B.            Remedial measures

(i)                         Despite the preventive measures taken by the State Police, it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately cause to lodge an FIR, without any undue delay, under the relevant provisions of IPC and/or other provisions of law.

(ii)                      It shall be the duty of the Station House Officer, in whose police station such FIR is registered, to forthwith intimate the Nodal Officer in the district who shall, in turn, ensure that there is no further harassment of the family members of the victim(s).

(iii)                   Investigation in such offences shall be personally monitored by the Nodal Officer who shall be duty bound to ensure that the investigation is carried out effectively and the charge-sheet in such cases is filed within the statutory period from the date of registration of the FIR or arrest of the accused, as the case may be.

(iv)                   The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC within one month from the date of this judgment. In the said scheme for computation of compensation, the State Governments shall give due regard to the nature of bodily injury, psychological injury and loss of earnings including loss of opportunities of employment and education and expenses incurred on account of legal and medical expenses. The said compensation scheme must also have a provision for interim relief to be paid to the victim(s) or to the next of kin of the deceased within a period of thirty days of the incident of mob violence/lynching.

(v)                      The cases of lynching and mob violence shall be specifically tried by designated court/Fast Track Courts earmarked for that purpose in each district. Such courts shall hold trial of the case on a day to day basis. The trial shall preferably be concluded within six months from the date of taking cognizance. We may hasten to add that this direction shall apply to even pending cases. The District Judge shall assign those cases as far as possible to one jurisdictional court so as to ensure expeditious disposal thereof. It shall be the duty of the State Governments and the Nodal Officers, in particular, to see that the prosecuting agency strictly carries out its role in appropriate furtherance of the trial.

(vi)                   To set a stern example in cases of mob violence and lynching, upon conviction of the accused person(s), the trial court must ordinarily award maximum sentence as provided for various offences under the provisions of the IPC.

(vii)                The courts trying the cases of mob violence and lynching may, on an application by a witness or by the public prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, take such measures, as it deems fit, for protection and for concealing the identity and address of the witness.

(viii)             The victim(s) or the next kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall be given timely notice of any court proceedings and he/she shall be entitled to be heard at the trial in respect of applications such as bail, discharge, release and parole filed by the accused persons. They shall also have the right to file written submissions on conviction, acquittal or sentencing.

(ix)                   The victim(s) or the next of kin of the deceased in cases of mob violence and lynching shall receive free legal aid if he or she so chooses and engage any advocate of his/her choice from amongst those enrolled in the legal aid panel under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.  

C.                   Punitive measures

(i)                         Wherever it is found that a police officer or an officer of the district administration has failed to comply with the aforesaid directions in order to prevent and/or investigate and/or facilitate expeditious trial of any crime of mob violence and lynching, the same shall be considered as an act of deliberate negligence and/or misconduct for which appropriate action must be taken against him/her and not limited to departmental action under the service rules. The departmental action shall be taken to its logical conclusion preferably within six months by the authority of the first instance.

(ii)                      In terms of the ruling of this Court in Arumugam Servai v. State of Tamil Nadu (2011) 6 SCC 405, the States are directed to take disciplinary action against the concerned officials if it is found that (i) such official(s) did not prevent the incident, despite having prior knowledge of it, or (ii) where the incident has already occurred, such official(s) did not promptly apprehend and institute criminal proceedings against the culprits.

 

                        Simply put, the Bench directed that, “Apart from the directions we have given hereinbefore and what we have expressed, we think it appropriate to recommend to the legislature, that is, the Parliament, to create  a separate offence for lynching and provide adequate punishment for the same. We have said so as a special law in this field would instill a sense of fear amongst the people who involve themselves in such kinds of activities.” Very rightly said! Now it is up to Parliament to act and make lynching a separate offence as soon as possible as the Apex Court has directed.

                                Needless to say, it was made amply clear by the Bench that the measures that are directed to be taken have to be carried out within four weeks by the Central and the State Governments. The Bench also made it clear that, “Reports of compliance be filed within the said period before the Registry of this Court. We may emphatically note that it is axiomatic that it is the duty of the State to ensure that the machinery of law and order functions efficiently and effectively in maintaining peace so as to preserve our quintessentially secular ethos and pluralistic social fabric in a democratic set-up governed by rule of law. In times of chaos and anarchy, the State has to act positively and responsibly to safeguard and secure the constitutional promises to its citizens. The horrendous acts of mobocracy cannot be permitted to inundate the law of the land. Earnest action and concrete steps have to be taken to protect the citizens from the recurrent pattern of violence which cannot be allowed to become “the new normal”. The State cannot turn a deaf ear to the growing rumblings of its People, since its concern, to quote Woodrow Wilson, “must ring with the voices of the people.” The exigencies of the situation require us to sound a clarion call for earnest action to strengthen our inclusive and all-embracing social order which would in turn, reaffirm the constitutional faith. We expect nothing more and nothing less.”

                          All said and done, Centre must without wasting any more time further take Parliament into confidence and enact a law by which strictest punishment is provided for those who indulge in lynching. It brooks no more delay! Even Supreme Court now has stepped in and so Centre cannot afford to duck this burning issue any longer! Centre must act!

                                 No doubt, all parties must sink their petty political differences and join hands to enact a law against mob lynching so that it acts as an effective deterrent against this most reprehensible crime which is on the rise in our country since last few years! The minimum punishment should be nothing less than life term and the maximum punishment should be death penalty! Ever since Mohammad Akhlaq was lynched in UP’s Dadri in 2015 for allegedly storing and consuming beef in his house and Pehlu Khan lynched in Alwar district of Rajasthan in April 2017, there have been many similar incidents time and again but now there must be an end to it which is possible only if the strictest punishment is meted out to those who indulge in such abhorrent acts of dastardly crime!


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  23 Jul 2018     Views:3239

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights...
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False News- another epidemic?...
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Commercial laws in India a Bird's-eye view...
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All About Suo Moto Proceedings...
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Alternate Dispute Resolution...
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'Intermeddler' as a Legal Representative under the...
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What is a Green Bond? ...
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Defamation...
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Opinion | Migration and the Mockery of Lockdown- I...
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Supreme Court’s judgement on Shreya Singhal v. U...
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Feminist Jurisprudence...
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IP Protection and Diffusion of Environmentally Sou...
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Covid-19 fostered Racism ...
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The History of Magna Carta...
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Introduction to Child Rights in India...
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CENTRE CANNOT DECLARE AN ORGANISATION POLITICAL: ...
06 Mar 2020     Views:3946
A DECISION MADE BY SC ON AYODHYA VERDICT...
29 Jan 2020     Views:1910
RIGHTS OF TRANSGENDER IN INDIA...
29 Jan 2020     Views:2143
MARITAL RAPE - A NON CRIMINALIZED CRIME IN INDIA...
24 Jan 2020     Views:2178
MISCONCEPTION ABOUT CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACT ...
22 Jan 2020     Views:2090
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE...
21 Jan 2020     Views:2157
Hyderabad Encounter- Human Rights Violation or Jus...
18 Jan 2020     Views:2671
NOTE ON NIRBHAY CASE CONVICTS...
17 Jan 2020     Views:2077
NOTE ON ARTICLE 370...
17 Jan 2020     Views:2028
Rape and Indian laws ...
13 Jan 2020     Views:2672
An overview on Drugs Law...
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Mob Lynching: Role of Politics and approach of Jud...
08 Jan 2020     Views:5122
Trademarks: Spectrum of Distinctiveness and Indian...
06 Jan 2020     Views:5875
Women Prisoners ...
23 Dec 2019     Views:2252
Child Care Institutions and its Judicial Interpret...
23 Dec 2019     Views:2353
Smart Contracts and Their Relevance in The Legal P...
19 Dec 2019     Views:1986
Government Vs Opposition on the Citizenship Amendm...
12 Dec 2019     Views:2303
Condition Of Lady Advocates Vulnerable: Lawyer App...
11 Dec 2019     Views:2826
Montesquieu’s Theory of Separation of Powers: Ho...
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JUDICIAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL OVER-REACH: TRANSITIO...
10 Dec 2019     Views:4155
Due Process Of Law For Rapists Must Speed Up Now...
10 Dec 2019     Views:1936
Human Rights Of Women Must Also Be Respected...
09 Dec 2019     Views:1946
Speedy Capital Punishment For Rapists Must Be Ensu...
08 Dec 2019     Views:2012
Why Only One Dhananjoy Chatterjee Hanged Till Now?...
07 Dec 2019     Views:2599
Why No Death Penalty For Gang Rape In India?...
07 Dec 2019     Views:1692
Rape Convicts Must Be Hanged At The Earliest From ...
05 Dec 2019     Views:1711
No Mercy Petition And No Life Term Ever For Gang R...
02 Dec 2019     Views:2027
Section 207 CrPC: Magistrate Cannot Withhold Any D...
02 Dec 2019     Views:3409
UP Bar Council Chairman Harishankar Singh Openly C...
17 Nov 2019     Views:2271
AN UNDERSTANDING OF PRESIDENT’S RULE UNDER ART 3...
13 Nov 2019     Views:4084
COOKING UP A LEGALLY PROTECTED MEAL: A study on IP...
13 Nov 2019     Views:2087
Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde To Be The New CJI From...
31 Oct 2019     Views:2353
UK Supreme Court Declares Prorogation Of Parliamen...
29 Sep 2019     Views:1773
Right To Access Internet Is Part Of Right To Priva...
23 Sep 2019     Views:1808
No Attempt Made To Frame Uniform Civil Code Despit...
19 Sep 2019     Views:1728
A Legal Giant Named Ram Jethmalani Finally Passes ...
09 Sep 2019     Views:1604
Judicial Service – HC Can’t Modify/Relax Instr...
02 Sep 2019     Views:1391
Government Notifies Strict Provisions Of Motor Veh...
31 Aug 2019     Views:1509
NDPS: Reverse Burden Of Proof Does Not Absolve Pro...
30 Aug 2019     Views:2370
Institutional Independence, Financial Autonomy Int...
28 Aug 2019     Views:1442
A Legal Luminary And A Political Stalwart Passes A...
25 Aug 2019     Views:1673
Allahabad HC Bans DJs And Passes Directions For Re...
24 Aug 2019     Views:1419
Delhi HC Refuses Anticipatory Bail To P Chidambara...
23 Aug 2019     Views:1636
Chidambaram Getting No Respite From Courts...
23 Aug 2019     Views:1352
Domestic Violence And Dowry Accused Set Free By Th...
22 Aug 2019     Views:4754
Bombsy HC: Treat every citizen with dignity...
20 Aug 2019     Views:4947
Integration Of J&K With India Is Now Full And Fina...
20 Aug 2019     Views:2458
Second Appeal Not To Be Dismissed Merely On The Gr...
18 Aug 2019     Views:1519
Judge Can Recuse From A Case At His Own Volition, ...
17 Aug 2019     Views:1621
Don't politicize demolition of temples: SC...
16 Aug 2019     Views:5011
Madras Christian College - female students sexuall...
16 Aug 2019     Views:4612
Charged for employing triple talaq...
16 Aug 2019     Views:2354
Earlier Convicted now Acquitted - Lack of Conclusi...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2301
MACAD Scheme to be enforced in Tamil Nadu - 1st Oc...
15 Aug 2019     Views:2213
Filing Of Criminal Complaint For Settling Civil Di...
15 Aug 2019     Views:1655
End Discrimination: Equalize legal age of Marriage...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1504
Madras HC issues directions upon Officers to check...
14 Aug 2019     Views:2035
BOMBAY HC to Civic Bodies: "Own up to your respons...
14 Aug 2019     Views:1536
Infringement of Registered TM "Vistara" - Threat t...
13 Aug 2019     Views:2105
US Citizen approaches Bombay High Court After Bein...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1732
Normalcy need not be restored in J&K instantly : S...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1643
Prohibitory Steps taken against Students for Consu...
13 Aug 2019     Views:1632
Basic Amenities to Traffic Personnel ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1467
Madras HC upholds the appointment notification of ...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1568
Plea against E-pharmacies struck down by Bombay HC...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1567
Parliament Rightly Makes Triple Talaq Criminal But...
12 Aug 2019     Views:1532
No Tax Deduction from Motor Accident Compensation ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1664
Delhi HC: Plant 50 Trees, Quash Criminal Proceedin...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1506
Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram should abide by the time ...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1743
Transitory Committee to be formed for Indian Arche...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1517
Outlawing Of Triple Talaq Is Highly Commendable...
11 Aug 2019     Views:1501
Daring Resolve Taken By Centre On Jammu And Kashmi...
10 Aug 2019     Views:1447
M Kavitha’s suspension to be reviewed...
09 Aug 2019     Views:2159
SC: Adverse Possession owing to Title over Propert...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1603
Regulation of Online streaming contents out of the...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1522
Constitution Cannot Be Above Country Come What May...
09 Aug 2019     Views:1545
Ocean waves to be our new energy source...
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Delhi HC: Simple language to be incorporated in FI...
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THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA ASKED THE GOVERNMENT T...
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Victim Has A Right To Assist The Court In A Trial ...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1802
SC Denies Permission to Conduct DNA Tests...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1704
Whatsapp's fight against interference with User-Pr...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1519
Evidence Of A Solitary Witness In A Criminal Trial...
07 Aug 2019     Views:1573
High Court of Karnataka set aside the retirement o...
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Study of Lakes to be Conducted by NEERI...
06 Aug 2019     Views:1678
History-sheeter kidnaps and rapes a College Studen...
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No Room For Sympathy While Sentencing Terror Convi...
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Rejected Plea: Declaration of Vande Mataram as Nat...
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Madras HC corrects the computation error of Motor ...
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Fundamental Right To Privacy Not Absolute And Must...
05 Aug 2019     Views:1751
Diocese of Tanjore Society School gets relief from...
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THE TEMPLES IN KARNATAKA NO MORE BE GOVERNED UNDER...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1782
Triple Talaq legislation is challenged in the Delh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1493
Special Olympics International Football Championsh...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1409
Concession to be given to disabled persons appeari...
03 Aug 2019     Views:2067
Bombay High Court Hears Dowry Case Involving A Civ...
03 Aug 2019     Views:1814
Karnataka High Court on the condition of Roads...
02 Aug 2019     Views:2076
SC ORDERS DEATH PENALTY IN COIMBATORE GANG-RAPE CA...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1608
RBI Changes Features Of New Currency Notes. Bombay...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1462
Interest Of Victim And Society At Large Must Also ...
02 Aug 2019     Views:1495
Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:5762
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:2323
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:1518
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:1558
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:1774
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:1474
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:1503
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:1428
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1795
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1947
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:1444
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:1573
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:1331
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:2024
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
03 Jul 2019     Views:1390
UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
02 Jul 2019     Views:1578
How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
01 Jul 2019     Views:2423
Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2750
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2734
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:2870
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1367
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:1674
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:4956
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:2742
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:1892
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:2228
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
20 May 2019     Views:5726
Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:1662
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
20 May 2019     Views:8980
“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:1527
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:1745
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:1456
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
20 May 2019     Views:3199
Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:1549
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:1392
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:3530
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
04 Apr 2019     Views:4343
SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
04 Apr 2019     Views:7390
Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
04 Apr 2019     Views:6624
SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1802
P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
04 Apr 2019     Views:1588
Death Sentence Can Be Imposed Only When Life Impri...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2140
Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2307
Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2396
Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
19 Mar 2019     Views:2426
Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1440
Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1891
Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2607
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3132
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2863
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3158
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1588
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1654
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:3233
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:2545
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:3222
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2462
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2709
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:2784
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:2054
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:2174
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2221
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:2842
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1739
Can a Economic offender can escape by surrendering...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1613
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:1504
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:6689
Quick Divorce in India...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1646
4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:1821
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
21 Jan 2019     Views:12045
Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:3796
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
17 Jan 2019     Views:1587
Delhi HC Rejects AJL's Plea Against Centre's Order...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2589
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots: Delhi HC Awards Life Term To...
03 Jan 2019     Views:2277
SC Dismisses Petitions Seeking Probe Into Rafale D...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2680
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:3258
Why Lawyers Of West UP Are Compelled To Strike Fre...
20 Dec 2018     Views:1866
recheck...
19 Dec 2018     Views:2393
1984 Anti-Sikh Riots – Delhi HC Upholds Convicti...
12 Dec 2018     Views:2005
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:2302
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2433
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2487
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:2346
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:4473
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1599
Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1725
Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1574
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1510
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
26 Nov 2018     Views:3142
Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1971
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2734
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:2545
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:3819
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2863
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1747
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2808
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1987
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1762
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2293
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2131
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:2442
Reputation Of An Individual Is An Insegregable Fac...
26 Sep 2018     Views:3233
Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settleme...
18 Sep 2018     Views:4166
Punjab & Haryana HC Orders Rape Convict, Mother To...
17 Sep 2018     Views:2514
Bombay HC Imposes Cost Of Rs 50K On Petitioner Fir...
17 Sep 2018     Views:1781
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1850
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1788
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1955
SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:2278
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:3124
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1871
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2347
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:2129
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:1803
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1952
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1952
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:2112
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:2158
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:2120
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:2434
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:2400
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1900
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:1994
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1864
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3239
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3231
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:3084
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2352
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1691
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1640
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2194
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2170
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1932
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:4770
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3345
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2665
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2255
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1649
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1543
Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1704
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1529
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:2706
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2125
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
11 Jun 2018     Views:2547
Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:3136
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2225
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
06 Jun 2018     Views:2309
Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1835
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:1586
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1747
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
01 Jun 2018     Views:3534
SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1575
SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
01 Jun 2018     Views:2994
UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1517
Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1878
Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1765
Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1930
A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
01 Jun 2018     Views:2125
People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1947
Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:1659
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:1789
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1573
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1531
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:1654
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:2127
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1683
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1605
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:2987
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