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  • Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A General Court Martial Consisting Of Members Below His Rank: SC

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Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A General Court Martial Consisting Of Members Below His Rank: SC

Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  06 Feb 2019     Views:1563

It has to be said right at the outset that a three-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court comprising of Justice AK Sikri, Justice S Abdul Nazeer and Justice MR Shah in Ex Lt Gen. Avadhesh Prakash v. Union of India & Anr. in Criminal Appeal No. 140 of 2019 (Diary No. 12371/2018) with Civil Appeal No. 9739/2018 decided on January 24, 2019 has set aside the punishment of dismissal imposed on Ex Lt Gen Avadhesh Prakash by a General Court Martial (GCM). This has certainly shaken the defence establishment and all those who court martialled him as the top court has not just validated his stand but also held that the entire proceedings held by the said GCM stood vitiated. It also held that the retired officer would be entitled to all the benefits; pensionary or otherwise.

                          While craving for the exclusive indulgence of my esteemed readers, it must be informed here that the top court right at the outset notes that the leave to appeal is granted. It then discloses that, “We have heard learned counsel for the parties at length.” The top court was apprised of their stand by both the parties.

                                      For my esteemed readers exclusive indulgence, it must be now disclosed that the three-Judge Bench then observed that, “The relevant facts, in a nutshell, are as follows. The appellant was commissioned in the Indian Army on 20.12.1970 and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General in October, 2007. He was appointed as a Military Secretary on 01.05.2008 at the Army Headquarters, New Delhi. During the tenure of the appellant as the Military Secretary the so-called ‘Sukna Land Scam’ case broke out in the end of the year 2010.”

                             Going forward, the Bench then observes that, “The appellant’s name figured in the Court of Inquiry on 07.01.2009. Then provisions of Rule 180 of the Army Rules, 1954 were invoked against him. The Chief of Army Staff initially directed Administrative Action against the appellant and a show cause notice dated 11.01.2010 was saved upon him.”

                                    Continuing in the same vein, the Bench then goes on to add that, “However, just two days prior to his retirement on 31.01.2010, the appellant was informed about withdrawal of the above show cause notice and initiation of disciplinary proceedings against him under the provisions of Section 123 of the Army Act, 1950. The appellant filed an O.A. before the Armed Forces Tribunal (“the Tribunal”) challenging the Court of Inquiry for non-compliance of Rule 180 of the Army Rules, Para 518 of the Defence Service Regulations (“DSR”) and change of directions. The Tribunal gave partial relief to the appellant. Against the said order of the Tribunal, the appellant approached this Court by preferring Special Leave Petition. This Court dismissed the Special Leave Petition.”

                                     To be sure, the Bench then discloses that, “The General Court Martial (“GCM”) found the appellant not guilty on the first charge. However, the GCM found the appellant guilty on charges second, third and fourth and sentenced him to “Dismissal from Service”. The appellant preferred O.A. before the Tribunal against the rejection of Post-Confirmation Petition, setting aside GCM proceedings and payment of all retiral and consequential benefits. The Tribunal, after considering the rival contentions made by the parties, came to the conclusion that the appellant is guilty of the second charge, i.e., ‘Unbecoming conduct’ under Section 45 of the Army Act and he is not proved to be guilty for charges three and four with the direction that the appellant need not be given the arrears of pension from the date of his dismissal till the date of passing the order and the same shall be given to him w.e.f. 20.12.2017, i.e., the date of pronouncement of the order. Aggrieved by the order, passed by the Tribunal, the appellant is before this Court.”

                           To put things in perspective, the Bench then points out that, “The first and foremost challenge laid by the appellant was to the validity of the composition/constitution of the GCM. It is an admitted case that the appellant was holding the position of Lieutenant General in the Army. As per the provisions of Rule 40 of the Army Rules, 1954, in his case, members of the GCM could be of the rank of Lieutenant General or above.”

                          Needless to say, it is then pointed out that, “It is an admitted position that one Lieutenant General and four Major Generals constituted the GCM. The Tribunal in the impugned order, had accepted the aforesaid position/composition and even agreed with the counsel for the appellant that the respondents could have tried to make Lieutenant Generals available from over eighty such Lieutenant Generals in the Indian Army as members of the GCM. It is also recorded that Lieutenant Generals were in fact made available for the GCM of Lt-Gen PK Rath which was held a few month earlier. Notwithstanding the same, only on the ground that the appellant had already retired as Lieutenant General, the Tribunal has come to the conclusion that it does not find any legal infirmity in the constitution of GCM as the provisions of Rule 40(2) of the Army Rules have been complied with.”

                                        While shaking its head in disbelief on the lame stand taken by the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT), the Bench of Apex Court then minces no words in clearly and categorically holding that, “We fail to understand the aforesaid reasoning and rationale given by the Tribunal. The appellant was holding the position of Lieutenant General. Allegations which were levelled against him for which GCM was convened was in his capacity as the Lieutenant General. Merely because the appellant had retired in the meantime cannot be a ground to discard and give a go by to the provisions of Rule 40(2) of the Army Rules. Needless to mention that the aforesaid Rules had statutory force.”

                             While pooh-poohing the shoddy manner in which the AFT conducted the GCM, it is then held by the Bench that, “It is a travesty of justice that a person holding the rank of Lieutenant General is tried by the GCM which consisted of members below his rank. Such a composition cannot be countenanced in law. We are therefore, of the opinion that the GCM was not validly constituted. Once that finding is arrived at, entire proceedings held by the said GCM stand vitiated.”

                                   As it turned out, the Bench then goes on to add that, “In normal course in such a case the Court would remit the case back to the respondents to constitute a proper GCM and hold the Court Martial. However, for various reasons it is not necessary to do this exercise in the instant case. First reason is that even the said GCM had exonerated the appellant of serious charge. It had held that only three charges stood proved against the appellant. Interestingly, out of these three charges, the Tribunal, in the impugned order, has come to the conclusion that two charges could not be held to be proved. Therefore, it is only one charge that ultimately stands established against the appellant. That charge is also not of a very serious nature. In fact, before the Tribunal, the counsel for the appellant had also raised the issue of proportionality of sentence.”

                                   Not stopping here, it is then pointed out that, “It was specifically contended that the punishment of dismissal which had been imposed upon the appellant is very harsh in comparison to the punishment of “severe reprimand” given to the other officials involved in the matter. The Tribunal, however, rejected this contention. We do not find any justifiable reason for adopting this course of action when the Tribunal itself held that the punishment of dismissal imposed upon the appellant was because of three charges held against him and also, according to the Tribunal, two charges out of the said three charges also could not be treated as proved. Furthermore, the appellant has already retired from service and the only issue now pertains to the grant of pensionary benefit. Even the Tribunal had granted these pensionary benefits from the date of its order, i.e. 20.12.2017.”

                                  Finally and perhaps most importantly, it is then held that, “For all these reasons, we are of the considered view that no useful purpose would be served in remitting the case back to the authorities for fresh GCM. As a result, this appeal is allowed, the impugned order of the Tribunal is set aside. The punishment of dismissal imposed upon the appellant also stands set aside. The appellant shall be entitled to all the benefits; pensionary or otherwise, which are admissible to him in law. Such benefits shall be computed and arrears be paid to the appellant within a period of three months. Regarding Civil Appeal No. 9739/2018, it is held that, “Having heard learned counsel for the parties, we find no merit in this appeal and it is, accordingly dismissed.”

                                 All said and done, this latest, landmark and laudable judgment will always serve as the biggest warning to AFT that under no circumstances any rule should be broken while conducting GCM against such a senior officer of the rank of Lieutenant General as we have seen here and if they do then they will be responsible for their stand being rejected by the highest court. This noteworthy ruling has certainly come as a huge relief for Ex Lt General Awadhesh Prakash who was dismissed from service by the GCM for his alleged involvement in ‘Sukna Land Scam’ who now stands vindicated. The three Judge Bench of the Apex Court found no credible evidence to upheld the GCM of Ex Lt General Awadhesh Prakash and he therefore now stands acquitted and would be entitled to all the benefits as pointed above!   


Courtesy/By: Sanjeev Sirohi  |  06 Feb 2019     Views:1563

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Abolition of Colonial Decorum in Courts...
01 Aug 2019     Views:4823
Punjab & Haryana HC Bans Use Of Loudspeakers Witho...
31 Jul 2019     Views:1183
ICJ Has Rightly Called Pakistan’s Bluff In Jadha...
26 Jul 2019     Views:676
Review And Reconsider Conviction And Sentencing Of...
22 Jul 2019     Views:686
Plaintiff Cannot Be Forced To Add Parties Against ...
21 Jul 2019     Views:808
Biggest Slap By ICJ Directly Right On The Face Of ...
19 Jul 2019     Views:595
Delhi HC Imposes Rs. 50,000 Cost On Woman For Fals...
17 Jul 2019     Views:745
Non-Appointment Of Judges Affects Speedy Justice: ...
16 Jul 2019     Views:692
Right To Get Anticipatory Bail Is Not Any Fundamen...
14 Jul 2019     Views:1053
Plea For Anticipatory Bail Not Maintainable Before...
13 Jul 2019     Views:1267
Divorce Cannot Be Granted Only On Ground Of Irretr...
11 Jul 2019     Views:681
Right To Shelter A Fundamental Right; State Has Co...
08 Jul 2019     Views:729
HC Cannot Reverse Acquittal Without Affording Oppo...
06 Jul 2019     Views:609
Centre Is Legally Empowered To Create A High Court...
05 Jul 2019     Views:1048
Centre Must Now Immediately Order Creation Of HC B...
03 Jul 2019     Views:591
UAPA: SC Dismisses PFI Leader’s Plea Seeking Dis...
02 Jul 2019     Views:829
How To Record The Evidence Of Deaf And Dumb Rape V...
01 Jul 2019     Views:1288
Ban Advocates From Carrying Weapons Inside Court P...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1522
Enact Strict Law To Ensure Personal Safety Of Doct...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1402
Mere Aggressive Behaviour Of Wife Not A Ground Of ...
26 Jun 2019     Views:1619
Court Cannot Destroy Faith & Beliefs Of People: Ma...
07 Jun 2019     Views:665
Insult Of Soldier In Name Of Law Is Most Disgracef...
07 Jun 2019     Views:754
Courts Cannot Decide Eligibility And Essential Qua...
20 May 2019     Views:2096
SC Upholds Constitutionality Of Section 23 Of PCPN...
20 May 2019     Views:1647
My Unflinching Faith In CJI Stands Fully Vindicate...
20 May 2019     Views:991
Solitary Confinement Of Death Convict Prior To Rej...
20 May 2019     Views:1361
Section 498A & 306 IPC: Incidents Which Happened M...
20 May 2019     Views:4232
Why Should UP Have Least High Court Benches In Ind...
20 May 2019     Views:724
Successive Bail Applications Should Be Placed Befo...
20 May 2019     Views:6382
“Drop This Episode From Your Minds And Gossips...
20 May 2019     Views:732
Is The Criticism Of In-House Procedure Justified?...
20 May 2019     Views:878
Mere Pendency Of Civil Case Between Complainant An...
20 May 2019     Views:740
Section 482 CrPC: HC Should Assign Reasons As To W...
20 May 2019     Views:1953
Delhi High Court Directs Government To Set Up 18 F...
20 May 2019     Views:711
No New Appointments To Be Made From In-Service Can...
18 May 2019     Views:718
Only Advocates Can Plead And Argue On Behalf Of Li...
09 Apr 2019     Views:2266
Nations Must Make Gun Laws More Stricter...
04 Apr 2019     Views:2805
SC Designates 37 Lawyers As Senior Advocates...
04 Apr 2019     Views:3785
Adding Additional Accused: To Invoke Section 319 C...
04 Apr 2019     Views:4402
SC Sets Aside Life Ban Imposed On Cricketer Sreesa...
04 Apr 2019     Views:932
P&H HC Directs Protection Of Honest Officers While...
04 Apr 2019     Views:793
Death Sentence Can Be Imposed Only When Life Impri...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1379
Islamabad High Court Rejects Plea Against Release ...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1398
Lawyers Resort To Seek Unnecessary Adjournments Am...
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Even Poem Can Help Save A Death Convict From Gallo...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1364
Educated Woman Supposed To Be Fully Aware Of Conse...
19 Mar 2019     Views:776
Jammu and Kashmir HC Upholds PM’s Employment Pac...
19 Mar 2019     Views:1067
Magistrate Shall Specify Whether Sentences Awarded...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1685
Mere Inability To Repay Loan Does Not Constitute C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1973
Inability To Establish Motive In A Case Of Circums...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1792
Punjab & Haryana HC Issues Slew Of Directions To C...
23 Feb 2019     Views:2065
Court Has to Confine Itself To The Four Corners Of...
23 Feb 2019     Views:881
Long Pendency Amounts To A Special Reason For Impo...
23 Feb 2019     Views:839
Successive Applications For Recalling Witnesses Sh...
23 Feb 2019     Views:1864
Lieutenant General (Rtd) Cannot Be Tried In A Gene...
06 Feb 2019     Views:1563
Autonomy Of the Bar Cannot Be Taken Over By The Co...
05 Feb 2019     Views:2260
Casual Act Of Possession Over Property Does Not Co...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1469
No Authority Can Claim Privilege Not To Comply Wit...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1638
Death Sentence Only When The Alternative Option Is...
04 Feb 2019     Views:1860
SC Imposes Rs 5 Crore Penalty On A Medical College...
28 Jan 2019     Views:1138
A Judicial Officer Is Not An Ordinary Government S...
25 Jan 2019     Views:1317
Rape And Murder Of 8 Year Old Girl: SC Commutes De...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1408
Mere Allegations Of Harassment Without Proximate P...
23 Jan 2019     Views:1825
Legal Article Why Should They Speak Lies: Decease...
23 Jan 2019     Views:966
Can a Economic offender can escape by surrendering...
22 Jan 2019     Views:774
NCW is a Lame Duck or Legal Guardian for women...
22 Jan 2019     Views:733
Mutual Consent Divorce Procedure in Chennai Family...
21 Jan 2019     Views:3517
Quick Divorce in India...
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4 Important things to file Divorce in Chennai...
21 Jan 2019     Views:896
How to get Divorce for Muslim Men ...
21 Jan 2019     Views:9686
Offences Under Section 307 IPC Can’t Be Quashed ...
17 Jan 2019     Views:2264
Suspicion, Howsoever Grave, Can’t Substitute Pro...
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03 Jan 2019     Views:1591
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03 Jan 2019     Views:1427
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20 Dec 2018     Views:1678
Executive Magistrate Cannot Direct Police To Regis...
20 Dec 2018     Views:2117
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20 Dec 2018     Views:1009
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19 Dec 2018     Views:1250
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12 Dec 2018     Views:1201
Why Lawless West UP Has No High Court Bench?...
11 Dec 2018     Views:1250
Bombay HC Quashes Government Resolution Making It ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1513
SLP Against Death Sentence Shall Not Be Dismissed ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1551
SC Allows Live-Streaming Of Public Proceedings In ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1392
Sexual Offenders Registry For Law Enforcement Agen...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1321
Delhi HC Sentences 16 Policemen To Life Imprisonme...
26 Nov 2018     Views:823
Men Too Have Right Not To Be Defamed And Denounced...
26 Nov 2018     Views:739
Courts Have To Adequately Consider Defence Of The ...
26 Nov 2018     Views:803
CJI Ranjan Gogoi Demonstrates His Firm Resolve And...
26 Nov 2018     Views:740
SC Issues Directions On Examination Of Witnesses I...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1384
Aadhaar Held Mandatory For Government Subsidies An...
26 Nov 2018     Views:1015
Legal Article Now Bar Council ID Card Is Valid Id...
01 Nov 2018     Views:1718
SC Sets Deadline On Sale Of BS-IV Vehicles; Says H...
01 Nov 2018     Views:1653
Devotion Cannot Be Subjected To Gender Discriminat...
23 Oct 2018     Views:2836
There Cannot Be Any Mechanical Denial Of Appointme...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1988
Rights Of Accused Far Outweigh That Of Victims, Ne...
23 Oct 2018     Views:983
SC Strikes Down 158 Year Old Adultery Law Under Se...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1611
Extra-Judicial Confession Of Accused Need Not In A...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1168
Leaders Of Outfits Calling For Mob Violence Liable...
23 Oct 2018     Views:981
Section 377 IPC Decriminalised Partially By Supre...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1269
New CJI Ranjan Gogoi Is Determined To Ensure Sweep...
23 Oct 2018     Views:1403
Court Must Not Go Deep Into The Matter While Consi...
26 Sep 2018     Views:1557
Reputation Of An Individual Is An Insegregable Fac...
26 Sep 2018     Views:1981
Sec. 498A IPC: Only HC Can Quash Cases On Settleme...
18 Sep 2018     Views:3142
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17 Sep 2018     Views:1740
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17 Sep 2018     Views:1018
Uttarakhand HC Dismisses “Contempt Petition” A...
14 Sep 2018     Views:1125
SC Stresses On Need To Develop And Recognize ‘De...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1068
Mirchpur Dalit Killings: “Atrocities Against SCs...
08 Sep 2018     Views:1174
SC Upholds Pan India Reservation Rule in Delhi; Bu...
03 Sep 2018     Views:1450
NDPS Bail Conditions Discriminatory, Irrational An...
31 Aug 2018     Views:2221
People Without A Degree Performing Surgeries: Utta...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1031
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions For Conserving ...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1622
12 Year Old Girl’s Rape And Murder: Constitute P...
28 Aug 2018     Views:1227
MP HC To Debar Members/Office Bearers Of Bar Counc...
22 Aug 2018     Views:982
Special Squad, Police Patrolling Every 24 Hours To...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1057
NRC Being Prepared Under Supreme Court’s Watch I...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1067
Victims Of Crime Can Seek Cancellation Of Bail: MP...
20 Aug 2018     Views:1218
Delhi HC Strikes Down Provisions In Law That Crimi...
13 Aug 2018     Views:1256
Delhi HC Quashes Govt Notification Revising Minimu...
09 Aug 2018     Views:1092
Poorest Of Poor Cannot Go To Private Hospitals: Ut...
07 Aug 2018     Views:1548
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Just Keep Strikin...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1410
Courts Must See That The Public Doesn’t Lose Con...
04 Aug 2018     Views:1123
UK Tier 1 Entrepreneur Visa: Overview from Experts...
31 Jul 2018     Views:1003
Enact Law For Safety Of Soldiers Of Jammu And Kash...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1083
SC Advocates Creating A Special Law Against Lynchi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2208
Matrimonial Discord Can’t Be Considered As Reaso...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1992
Uttarakhand HC Recommends Govt To Enact Legislatio...
23 Jul 2018     Views:2338
High Court Priests Cannot Refuse To Perform Religi...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1555
Uttarakhand High Court Passes String Of Directions...
23 Jul 2018     Views:918
SC Finally Decides Master Of Roster Case...
23 Jul 2018     Views:861
Stone Pelters And Terrorists Have No Right To Life...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1060
Remove Designations Like Police, HC, Journalist, A...
23 Jul 2018     Views:961
Why Centre is Providing Security For Separatists B...
23 Jul 2018     Views:1093
Farmer Suicide Due To Bankruptcy Or Indebtedness: ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:3227
Every Indian Should Salute Brave Soldier Aurangzeb...
05 Jul 2018     Views:2118
Uttarakhand HC Issues Directions To Curb Drug Pedd...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1718
Have A Functional National Law University Within 3...
05 Jul 2018     Views:1421
Establish Regional Bench Of AFT In The State Withi...
05 Jul 2018     Views:827
Cancel Licences of Drivers Using Cell Phones; Helm...
05 Jul 2018     Views:765
Uttarakhand High Court Puts Restrictions On Noise ...
05 Jul 2018     Views:836
Supreme Court To Look Into Validity Of Amended Law...
05 Jul 2018     Views:861
Mysterious Deaths, Rapes, Malnutrition, Unsanitary...
29 Jun 2018     Views:1249
No Politics Please Over Plan To Assassinate PM Mod...
11 Jun 2018     Views:1290
Free Mentally Ill Children And Formulate Policies ...
11 Jun 2018     Views:1690
Landmark Ruling By Uttarakhand HC On Solitary Conf...
07 Jun 2018     Views:2023
Right Of Adult Couple To Live Together Without Mar...
06 Jun 2018     Views:1423
Why BJP Will Be Wiped Out In West UP And UP?...
06 Jun 2018     Views:1575
Why UP Has Just One High Court Bench And West UP N...
05 Jun 2018     Views:1015
Women Governed By Muslim Personal Law Can Invoke P...
04 Jun 2018     Views:865
Why Is BJP Not Creating More Benches In UP?...
01 Jun 2018     Views:862
Probation Period To Count For New Civil Servants B...
01 Jun 2018     Views:2306
SC Women Lawyers Association Seeks Chemical Castra...
01 Jun 2018     Views:833
SC Finally Steps In To Expedite POCSO Cases...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1617
UP Former CMs Can’t Stay In Govt Bungalows: SC...
01 Jun 2018     Views:791
Make BCCI A Public Body: Law Panel...
01 Jun 2018     Views:870
Self-Styled Godman Asaram Awarded Life Until Death...
01 Jun 2018     Views:895
Why Cases Withdrawn Against Stone Pelters In Kashm...
01 Jun 2018     Views:982
A High Court Bench For West UP In Meerut Is Impera...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1060
People Of Karnataka Should Worship Congress...
01 Jun 2018     Views:1118
Delhi HC Upholds Life Term To Seven Policemen...
19 Mar 2018     Views:861
Finance Act-2018 And Customs Act-1962 (Amendments)...
28 Feb 2018     Views:906
Why No Death Or Life Term For Corruption?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:770
Will Electoral Bonds Usher In Transparency?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:771
How Long Will Lawyers Of West UP Keep Striking?...
19 Feb 2018     Views:840
Finance Act 2018 and Customs Act 1962...
18 Feb 2018     Views:1079
Why Has Stone Pelting Been Legalised In Kashmir?...
12 Feb 2018     Views:841
Shopian Firing: Major's Dad Moving SC For Quashing...
12 Feb 2018     Views:811
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Kill Stone Pelt...
12 Feb 2018     Views:1796
Attack On Lawyers: Delhi HC Issues Notice To Delhi...
10 Feb 2018     Views:852
Female Foeticide Must Be Punished Most Strictly...
10 Feb 2018     Views:806
Soldiers Have Every Legal Right To Act In Self Def...
10 Feb 2018     Views:766
New Consumer Protection Bill 2018 Will Entail More...
10 Feb 2018     Views:778
CJI Brings Out A Roster To Allot Cases...
10 Feb 2018     Views:1323
Five Year Jail Term For Lalu In Third Fodder Scam ...
10 Feb 2018     Views:862
SC Quashes All The 88 Mining Leases In Goa...
10 Feb 2018     Views:857
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 (PMLA-20...
07 Feb 2018     Views:757
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 Amended ...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act -2002 --U/S 45(...
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Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 (P...
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13 Jan 2018     Views:775
Prevention Of Money Laundering Act-2002 PMLA...
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Right to Know...
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A STUDY OF CERTAIN DEDUCTIONS ON INCOME TAX RELATI...
29 Dec 2017     Views:1352
Enviornment protection is for saving universe...
28 Dec 2017     Views:809
RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND STATUS OF SECTION 377, IPC, 1...
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PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EXISTING POLICE SYSTEM...
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LEGALITY : LEGALITY OF MARITAL RAPE...
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND DIRECTION FOR MANDATORY AADHA...
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THE PARADOX OF PLEA BARGAINING...
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JOURNEY OF EVMs AMIDST CONTROVERSIES ...
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UIDAI suspends Airtel, Airtel Payments and Banks e...
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2G Scam : The 2G Scam and much more...
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Kerala teen surveillance case: Invasion of Privacy...
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Motherhood or Employment- the judicial perspective...
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